Q2 URINARY and EXOTICS Flashcards
how much function does the kidney have to lose to go into renal failure?
75-80%
what is the most important cause of acute renal failure
tubular necrosis
mechanisms for non-renal lesions of uremia
endothelial damage, ammonia production, Ca/P imbalance
what is the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure
insufficient renal function, high P, high PTH, Ca removed from bones, causes fibrous osteodystrophy
polycystic kidney disease common breeds and where else are cysts found
persian cats and bull terriers, cysts often also in pancreas and liver
ectopic ureters breed predilection and clinical sign
huskies with urinary incontinence
urachal anomalies
patent urachus (male foals drip urine), persistent urachal remnant (incomplete emptying of bladder)
CHV-1 pathogenesis
young puppies with intrauterine infection leads to renal vascular insult, with eosinophilic inclusion bodies in epithelium
gross differences in acute, subacute and chronic renal infarcts
red and swollen, white with peripheral red area, white and depressed
analgesic nephropathy
NSAID administration and dehydration leads to hypoxia of renal papillae
three parts of the glomerular filtration barrier
capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes
what are the four components to nephrotic syndrome
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hypercholesterolemia
glomerular nephritis pathology
immune complex formation lodges in glomeruli, inflammatory reaction of mesangial cells (bernies)
what breeds are predisposed to renal amyloidosis
shar pei, abyssinian
what are the most common bacteria implicated for bacterial embolic nephritis in horses, SR, pigs and cattle
horse: actinobacillus equuli
SR: corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
pigs: erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
cattle: trueperella pyogenes
ethylene glycol pathogenesis
rapidly absorbed and metabolized, calcium oxalate crystals
melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity
necrosis of the DISTAL convoluted tubules with golden crystals
how does oak cause disease in large animals
tannin metabolites target endothelial cells causing hematuria (cortical petechiae)
worst aminoglycoside and how do they become toxic to the kidneys
neomycin and accumulates in lysosomes of proximal convoluted tubules
hemoglobinuria causes in sheep and horses
sheep: copper tox, blood transfusion
horse: red maple toxicity and neonatal isoerythrolysis (GUN METAL)
common bacteria involved in ascending infection in all animals, cattle, and pigs
e coli, corynebacterium renale and trueperella, and actinobaculum suis
where does lepto like to hang out after a week
proximal convoluted tubules
swine renal parasite that migrates through the liver
stephanurus dentatus
giant kidney worm that infects any fish eating mammal
dioctophyma renale
pearsonema
subclinical renal parasite
most common primary renal tumor of dog
renal carcinoma, often mets (cattle benign but bilateral)
pigs, chickens and G sheps developmental tumor that can produce EPO
renal nephroblastoma
silica urolithiasis
ruminants and dehydration
struvite urolithiasis
commonly associated with infection in canine females, likes high pH
oxalate urolithiasis
persian and himalayan cats with acidic urine
urate urolithiasis
high protein diet and dalmations/liver disease
follicular cystitis
white and red spotting and lymphoid follicle formation
polypoid cystitis
hyperplasia in the bladder
what disposes animals to emphysematous cystitis
diabetes
enzootic hematuria
chronic bracken fern ingestion causes tumors
embryonal grape lookin tumor in young saint bernards
botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
hypovitaminosis A sequelae in exotics
unhealthy epithelium and keratin accumulates and obstructs ducts
ureotelic species
mammals
uricotelic species
birds and reptiles
ammonotelic species
fish
causes of gout
dehydration, renal disease, excessive protein consumption/catabolism
hypovitaminosis C
scurvey (guinea pigs) lack L-gulonolactone oxidase so need to get C from diet, impaired synthesis of perivascular collagen causes hemorrhages
tyzzer’s disease
affects liver, intestine heart from clostridium piliforme
epizootic catarrhal enteritis
green slime disease, high morbidity low mortality
what causes teeth grinding and ulcerative gastritis in ferrets
Helicobacter mustelae
how does acute lymphoma commonly present in ferrets
young ferret with respiratory problems, mediastinal lymphoma
gelatinous tumor at end of tail in ferrets
chordoma
prognosis for mammary tumor in mice
POOR retroviral induced
what causes pneumonia in rats
corynebacterium kutscheri
most common tumor of rats
pituitary adenoma (mammary not a big deal)
what species commonly gets L sided atrial thrombosis and L intracellularis infection?
hamster
bacterial pneumonia causes in guinea pig
bordetella bronchiseptica and strep pneumoniae (asymptomatic carriers are rabbits)
etiologic agent in cervical lymphadenitis
strep zooepidemicus in guinea pigs
what causes seizure like intense pruritis in guinea pigs
trixacarus caviae
common cause of widespread bacterial infection in a rabbit
pasteurella multocida
causative agent of ocular, neurologic, and renal infection in rabbits
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
rabbit ear mites
psoroptes cuniculi
common tumor of female rabbits
uterine adenocarcinoma
zoonotic agent causing fibrinous airsacculitis and hepatosplenomegaly in birds
chlamydia psittacii
PsHV
causes liver/ spleen necrosis and papillomas/ cholangiocellular carcinoma
beak and feather disease
circovirus
proventricular dilation disease
bornavirus, passing undigested seeds
budgerigar fledgling disease
polyomavirus causes feather anomalies and hemorrhage
self feather plucking
pterotillomania
means of transmission of IBD among snakes in captivity
snake mites, Ophionyssus natricis
metabolic bone disease
secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by ca/p imbalances, renal or parathyroid disease, UVB light deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency
dysecdysis
shedding
