Q1 NEURO Flashcards
What are some unique clinical signs with trauma in the cerebrum?
Behavior changes, head pressing, blindness
What are some unique clinical signs with trauma in the midbrain/cerebellum/brainstem
Hypermetria, head tilt, nystagmus, tremors
Coup and contrecoup
Coup is trauma to the same side as the impact, contrecoup is trauma of hitting other side of skull
Concussion vs contusion
Contusion results in hemorrhage, where concussion has no gross evidence of injury
what are the three layers of meninges from superficial to deep
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia matter
Type I Disc Herniation
acute herniation of just the nucleus pulposus, more common in dachshunds and dwarf breeds
Type 2 Disc Herniation
gradual protrusion of the entire disc, large breeds or cats
hemorrhagic myelomalacia
hemorrhage and necrosis within the spinal cord 12-24hr after injury, near C5 life threatening w/ phrenic nerve
feline ischemic encephalopathy
unilateral ischemic necrosis and atrophy pf cerebral cortex (supplied by middle cerebral artery)
fibrocartilaginous emboli
IVDD material thrown into spinal blood vessels that make it to the brain circulation
meningioma
most common primary brain tumor, benign
gemistocytes
astrocytes that respond to injury by increasing their cytoplasm
alzheimer type 2 astrocytes
clusters of nuclei that are swollen and clear, associated with hepatic and renal encephalopathy
astrocytoma
very infiltrative with indistinct margins, swelling grossly appreciated
oligodendroglioma
mature male dogs, soft and gelatinous masses with fried egg histo
choroid plexus tumors
modified ependymal cells that produce CNS, grossly looks like papilloma, adenoma or carcinoma
medulloblastomas
highly malignant tumors in cerebellum of young animals (calves), arise from external granular layer of cerebellum
cause for the brain to look like a “chocolate chip cookie”
mets of hemangiosarcoma or melanoma
CNS lymphoma
rarely primary, pale pink mass
peripheral nerve sheath tumor
nodular, smooth, pale masses that are locally invasive (neurofibromatosis in cows)
polioencecphalitis
inflammation of grey matter
listeria monocytogenes
bacteria gain access to peripheral nerves in oral cavity and travel to brainstem, suppurative meningoencephalitis, microabscesses in the brainstem, unilateral paralysis of CN 5,7,8
thrombotic meningoencephalitis
caused by Histophilus somni, multifocal infarcts, necrotizing vasculitis and septic thrombi
rabies pathogenesis
saliva enters bite wound with virus, retrograde travel, extensive replication in the brain, lastly replicates in salivary glands to be excreted and even enters the rest of the host before they die
negri bodies
inclusion bodies found in rabies cases, ruminants in purkinje cells and carnivores in hippocampus
dry vs wet FIP
wet (type III) and dry (type IV)
equine myeloencephalitis
adults horse with a history of respiratory disease, now showing hindlimb weakness, caused by EHV-1, hemorrhage and malacia in spinal cord
most common protozoal parasites in cats, dogs and opossums
cat: toxoplasma gondii
dog: neospora spp
opossum: S. neurona
equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
often S. neurona affects spinal cord more than anywhere else
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies pathogenesis
prion ingested, converts host proteins to B-pleated sheets, often found in lymphoid tissues and GI byt travel retrograde, vacuoles and degeneration of neurons on histopath, send in OBEX for testing
viruses that cause congenital malformations
orthobunya, orbiviruses (bluetongue), pestiviruses, parvoviruses
what can cause cyclopia in lambs
ingestion of veratrum californicum during 14th day of gestation
congenital hydrocephalus
most common in toybreeds, fusion of the rostral colliculi results in CSF obstruction, also persistent fontanelles
meningocele
outpouching of meninges from defect in skull
cerebellar malformations
caused by parvo or pestiviruses, shortly before birth to two weeks postnatal, cerebellar hypoplasia
neuronal abiotrophy
degeneration after forming neurons, marked purkinje cell necrosis in cerebellum, weird dogs and arabians
syringomyelia
fluid containing cavities within the parynchyma, from turbulence of CSF, often involves occipital dysplasia, CKCS
degenerative myelopathy
white matter degeneration in caudal thoracic and lumbar spine, older german shepherds or corgis
meningeal fibrosis
white opacity over sulci, normal aging
dural osseous metaplasia
bone within meninges, usually incidental in large breeds
equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma
aggregates of cholesterol in ventricles, not neoplasm, incidental
nigropallidal encephalomalacia
ingestion of yellow star thistle, repin neurotoxin causes oxidative damage, then bilateral malacia of globus pallidus and substantia nigra
clostridium perfringens type D Epsilon toxicosis
excess grain diet in small ruminant, epsilon toxin from CP in the intestines, endothelial damage causes brain edema and bilateral malacia of basal ganglia
thiamine deficiency
thiaminases and thiamine analogs will cause ruminal acidosis and polioencephalomalacia
sulfur toxicity
excess sulfurin in food or water, rumen produces hydrogen sulfide, interferes with energy production, polioencephalomalacia
lead toxicity
lead mimics calcium and causes oxidative stress, polioencephalomalacia
salt toxicity
dehydration causes accumulation of Na+ in the CSF, rapid water intake and edema leads to cortical necrosis and eosinophilic inflammation in pigs
leukoencephalomalacia
caused by moldy corn ingestion in horses (Furonosin spp. produces B1, sphingosine toxicosis)
what can cause lysosomal storage neuropathy
prolonged locoweed (swainsonine) ingestion
nutritional deficiencies that cause oxidative stress to CNS
copper and vitamin E (found in green grass) (EDM young horses and EMND adults
