Q1 REPRO Flashcards
chimerism
bovine freemartin, female twin exposed to masculinizing hormones, infertile, genetically female but masculinized gonads and seminal vesicles and hair around vulva
male calico cats
HAVE to have two X chromosomes, often infertile
psuedohermaphrodites vs true hermaphrodites
pseudo- one type of gonad but accessory sex organs can be opposite
true- both types of gonads
male pseudohermaphrodites
most common intersex, testis with female phenotype, usually have low androgen production
female psuedohermaphrodite
ovaries and make phenotype, in utero exposure to androgens
common causes of mastitis
contagious- staph aureus and strep agalactiae
environmental- e coli and trueperella
both- strep dysgalactiae
e coli mastitis
very friable necrotic tissue from endotoxins
staph aureus mastitis
VERY acute, necrosis in minutes to hours
trueperella mastitis
dry period, chronic suppurative mastitis
nocardia mastitis
granulomatous from infected drugs
causes of mastitis in goats and sheep
mannheimia hemolytica and staph aureus, mycoplasma, VIRUSES: OPP and CAE (hard udder or blue bag)
contagious ecthyma
ovine parapoxvirus causes scabby mouth, lesions to udder, zoonotic (orf)
canine mammary tumor
most common in intact female dogs, mostly benign, lower incidence if spayed earlier
feline mammary tumors
most malignant, majority met to lungs, lymph, other mammary glands
feline fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
young intact females, associated with high levels of progesterone
what hormones do granulosa cells release
estrogen and inhibin
paraovarian cysts
remnants of developmental ducts, usually non-pathogenic
rete ovarii
cysts that compress cortex and cause ovarian atrophy
epithelial inclusion cysts
around ovulation fossa, obstruct ovulation and cause infertility
cystic ovarian follicles
arise because failure of ovulation, inhibits further ovulation
dysgerminoma
benign, undifferentiated stem cell neoplasm
teratoma
benign totipotent germ cell neoplasm, at least two of different germ cell layers
sex cord stromal tumors
usually granulosa, benign in cows and mares, often malignant in queen, usually hormones cause nymphomania and stallion like behavior, red/brown multifocal nodules on cross section
ovarian epithelial tumors
common in bitch, can seed to abdomen, cystic or shaggy appearance
salpingitis
inflammation of uterine tube
hydrosalpinx
fluid filled uterine tube
pyometra pathogenesis in the dog
persistent CL, high progesterone, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, closed cervix leads to hydrometra and then eventual infection (e coli most common)
bovine postpartum pyometra
abnormal parturition, uterine involution slows, lumen fills and bacteria cause infection (e coli, trueperella and fusobacterium)
bovine postcoital pyometra
caused by protozoa tritrichimonas, bulls serve as carriers and can survive being frozen
endometritis in mares
strep zooepidemicus, need endometrial biopsies to assess fertility
bovine uterine prolapse
within 15 hrs postpartum after prolonged dystocia, reduces fertility
leiomyoma
benign uterine neoplasm, takes up space
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
BHV-1, transient infertility
coital exanthema
EHV-3, secondary bacterial infection
mycotoxicosis
moldy grains containing fusarium, zearalenone estrogenic so inhibits FSH, not fertile
TVT
canine round cell tumor transmitted during sex, small cytoplasmic vacuoles
spermatic granuloma
rupture of duct causes granuloma formation, can be congenital or traumatic, immune-privileged no longer
leydig cell tumor
benign and expansile, spherical, tan to orange, hemorrhagic
sertoli cell tumor
common in dogs, cryptorchid, firm and lobular testis, feminization syndrome bc excess estrogen produced
seminoma
stallions, soft tan nodule, locally invasive
most common route of infection of orchitis
hematogenous
epidymitis route of infection
ascending
brucellosis
unilateral orchitis
most common cause of scrotal dermatitis
dermatophilus congolensis
benign prostatic hyperplasia
common in intact dogs bc hormonal imbalance, not painful but can cause constipation and dysuria, bilateral
prostatic cysts
often subclinical
prostatic adenocarcinoma
castrated dogs, asymmetric,
persistent frenulum
band of tissue fails to rupture during puberty
balanoposthitis
mostly caused by BHV-1 in bulls
ulcerative posthitis
castrated rams, corynebacterium renale, and high protein diet
cutaneous habronemiasis
summer sores, larval migration after deposition on glans penis
diffuse placentation
microcotyledons fit into endometrial crypts, mares and sows
cotyledonary placentation
cotyledons attached to caruncles on the endometrium, ruminants
zonal placentation
villi form a band around the equator of the chorionic sac, dog and cat
amniotic plaques
common in bovine placentas, foci of squamous epithelium, normal
endometrial cups
equine placenta invades endometrium, produces eCG between 40-60 days gestation, normal
hippomane
equine concentration of waste products, rubbery mass
mineralized yolk sac remnant
circular cystic structure found on umbilical cord, hard outside fluid center, normal
hydrops
dysregulation of fluid most common in the cow (still rare), bad for fetus
adventitial placentation
compensation for inadequate placentomes (cotyledons), develops more placentomes close to other ones, look gross and bumpy
subinvolition of placental sites
persistence of normal placental sites, oftentimes with bloody discharge long after delivery, canids
retained placenta
bovine: 12hrs
equine: 3hrs
can cause secondary infections and reduced motility
mummification
autolysis without putrefaction, fluids resorbs and desiccates fetus, closed cervix with NO BACTERIA, usually multiparous species
macerated fetus
fetal death during uterine infection, liquefaction of fetal tissues, usually just leaves a bag of bones
BVD
pestivirus, cow pregnant 0-120 leads to abortion, 120-180 leads to congenital abnormalities
BHV-1
IBR infertility and abortion storms (look for vaccine history)
neospora caninum
protozoa, sometimes tachyzoites in foci of brain necrosis
leptospirosis
typically last trimester, edema, nephritis
ureaplasma diversum
firm lungs of fetus and white and red necrosis on amnion
brucella abortus
bacteria replicate in trophoblastic cells, necrotic cotyledons
campylobacter spp.
mostly infertility, rare abortion
mycotic abortions
aspergillus or zygomycetes, bovine hematogenous, equine ascending, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, leathery
coxiella burnetti
Q-fever, placenta thick and necrotic, many organisms in trophoblasts
chlamydia abortus
ovine enzootic abortion, sometimes will abort next pregnancy, ewe chronic carrier, placenta thickens
campylobacter fetus fetus
ewes immune after first infection, focused around placentomes, fetal targetoid hepatic necrosis
toxoplasma gondii
protozoal, dependent on stage of pregnancy, cotyledonary necrosis with mineralization white spots
EHV-1
95% of abortions in last 3 months, severe fetal pulmonary edema
equine viral arteritis
stallion carrier, fetal pneumonia, necrotizing arteritis, renal lesions, mare necrotizing metritis
brucella suis
high incidence of stillborn piglets, affinity for skeleton and joints
SMEDI
PRRS, PPV, PCV-2, PHV-1, lepto and enteroviruses (parvo causes variation in fetal sizes)
brucella canis
transmitted through ingestion of vaginal discharge or venereally through infected seminal fluids
canine herpesvirus
“turkey egg” puppy kidney
equine twinning
80% of cases both twins die
umbilical cord torsion
more common in equines especially with umbilical cords >100cm
pregnancy toxemia
negative energy balance causes hepatic lipidosis
veratrum californicum
plant that causes cyclopia
