Q1 CARDIO Flashcards
clinical signs of acute myocardial failure
syncope and cardiogenic shock
6 compensatory changes to chronic myocardial failure
chamber dilation, myocardial hypertrophy, increased HR, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, redistribution of blood flow
what pathologies lead to eccentric vs concentric hypertrophy
eccentric- valve lesions and septal defects
concentric- stenotic valves and obstructions
hemosiderosis
hemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages show as brown pigment in lungs during left sided heart failure
6 mechanisms of cardiovascular failure
rupture, obstructed flow through heart, pump failure (myocardial injury), blood shunts, arrhythmias, and regurgitant flow
ASD (PFO too really)
left to right shunting, right atrium dilates, pulmonary hypertension
VSD
left to right shunting, left atrium dilates, pulmonary hypertension
PDA
left to right shunting, right atrium dilates, pulmonary hypertension, continuous murmur (small breeds and german sheps)
pulmonic stenosis
concentric right ventricular hypertrophy, common in brachycephalics
aortic stenosis
concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, common in large breeds
tricuspid/mitral dysplasia
eccentric hypertrophy of the affected ventricle, most common in cats
tetrology of fallot
pulmonary valve narrowing, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, VSD
creates a right to left shunt, hypoxia
vascular ring anomaly (persistent right aortic arch)
cranial megaesophagus, often causes regurg and aspiration
ectopia cordis
heart located outside of chest, susceptible to trauma, most common in calves
most common defect in dogs
PDA
serous atrophy of fat
indicative of chronic emaciation, fat is gelatinous and clear
fibrinosuppurative pericarditis
bread and butter appearance, often because of traumatic reticulopericarditis
what pathologies in the heart are caused by selenium and vitamin E deficiencies
myocardial necrosis, white muscle disease or mulberry heart disease in pigs
copper deficiency cardiac pathology
predisposed to vascular aneurysmal dilations of tears
common cardiac toxicity in horses
ionophore coccidiostats (chicken feed)
endocarditis pathogenesis
bacteremia causes virchow’s triad, fibrin and bacteria adhere to valve surface, septic emboli, valve dysfunction or septic shock leads to death
most common cause of CHF in old dogs
endocardiosis or myxomatous valvular degeneration, often mitral valve, leads to jet lesions or chordae tendinae rupture
feline endomyocarditis
young cats after stressful events develop inflammation of the LV outflow tract, often presents with interstitial pneumonia
chemodectoma
aortic body tumor, bradycephalic older males, sometimes spongy feeling, packets on histo, locally invasive
hemangiosarcoma
often in right auricle, large breeds, very metastatic, often ruptures
malignant lymphoma
secondary, common in bovine leukemia, soft white tissue in weird places
three layers of arteriole wall
inside - tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia - outside
primary causes of arterial hypertrophy
left to right shunts, parasites in cats, brisket disease in cattle
brisket disease pathogenesis
hypoxia induces vasoconstriction in pulmonary arteries, pulmonary hypertension, right sided congestive heart failure, ventral edema
FIP
pyogranulomatous phlebitis, type III (wet) and type IV (dry) hypersensitivity
Dirofilaria immitis
nematode matures in pulmonary arteries, eosinophilic endarteritis (granular surface of pulmonary artery), caval syndrome (liver failure, hemolytic anemia, cardiogenic shock), w/ right sided cardiomegaly
Strongylus vulgaris
cranial mesenteric artery thrombus formation
arteriosclerosis
most common degenerative vascular disease, age related fibrosis of large elastic arteries
arterial medial calcification
mineral deposition from calcinogenic plants, vitamin D toxicosis, uremia and johnes disease
atherosclerosis
lipid deposits in elastic and muscular arteries, hypothyroid and DM in dogs
