Q1: Lesson 3 | Human Person as an Embodied Spirit Flashcards
define human being as “a man, woman, or a child of species homo sapiens, distinguished from animals by superior mental development:
oxford dictionary
as “a man, woman, or a child of species homo sapiens, distinguished from animals by superior mental development:
human beings
distinguished from animals by superior mental development:
- power of articulate speech
- upright stance
THREE ASPECTS OF HUMAN NATURE
Somatic
Behavioral
Attitudinal
Refers to the body, material
somatic
Refers to the body, material
somatic
Refers to the human person’s mode of acting.
BEHAVIORAL
known for the theory of behaviorism.
b.f. skinner
He therefore suggested that human behavior can be manipulated or controlled
b.f. skinner
Refers to the human person’s inclination, feelings, ideas, convictions, prejudices and biases.
attitudinal
It is a person’s mental reaction to a certain stimuli or tendency to act
attitudinal
These tendencies may define a person’s future action and what he or she values as right or wrong
attitudinal
Theories on Human Nature
The Human Person as…
1. an Immortal Soul
2. a Composite of Body and Soul
3. a Thinking Thing
One important theory on human nature is the claim that the human person has a soul.
HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL
In ________, one of Plato’s work, Socrates asserts that “every soul is immortal, for that which moves itself is immortal, while what moves, and is moved by something else stops living when it stops moving… t
phaedrus
this is the very essence and principle of a soul, for every bodily object that is moved from outside has no soul, while a body whose motion comes from within, from itself has a soul
HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL
Thus, the human person in ___________ has an immortal soul which is the source of movement,
PLATONIC ACCOUNT
Aristotle explained this theory through his work De Animus (1968) which explains all the capacities possessed by all living things.
de animus
In order to understand the relationship between the soul and the body, Aristotle distinguishes three kinds of substance:
matter, shape or form, and the product of both (composite of form and matter).
His work involves the relation of the psvche (soul) and the body;
de aminus by aristotle
your natural body is ________. As a corporeal being, the human person is material which is an affirmation of the somatic aspect of human nature; the body has organs which are so well organized and ready of their different functions for nutrition and growth
matter
it is not a body but the form of a natural body that has life potentially within it. This means that the natural body is “ensouled”; that is, you are with a soul, a non- corporeal substance that is the form (which is the actuality of the substance)
soul
is the source of a human person’s being alive which enables him or her to do actions or activities that are suited to being a human person.
having a soul
is what makes us a human person
soul
is what makes the natural body which is a potentiality that becomes an actuality
soul
plato’s tripartite soul
- rational
- spirited
- appetitive
aristotle’s kinds soul
- rational soul
- sensitive soul
- vegetative soul
This theory implies that without a soul, the body does not have life.
HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND SOUL
asserted that the human person is a thinking thing.
rene descartes
he said “On the one hand I have a clear and distinct idea of myself, in so far as I am simply a thinking, non- extended thing (that is, a mind) and on the other hand I have a distinct idea of body, in so far as this is simply an extended, non-thinking thing. And accordingly, it is certain that I am really distinct from my body, and can exist without it.”
rene descartes
As a thinking mind, it is clear that as you doubt existence as a singular self, you will arrive at the distinct idea that you are, indeed, one self because the mind is ________
indivisible
Descartes’ assertion is a philosophical perspective which believes that the nature of man is _________
pure mind
It is the _______ that defines a person.
nature
But through ______ that the nature of the human person is revealed.
condition
is defined as the inevitable positive or negative events of existence as a human being
HUMAN CONDITION
While the three aspects of the human nature defines or characterizes human person, one will understand how to live according to this nature through _______
human condition
He claimed that the human person has free will and they has to exercise this capacity because it is only in choosing that the human person becomes authentic
jean paul sartre
A philosophical tradition that focuses on the centrality of the human person’s existence.
existentialism
A Phenomenological Essay on ontology (one of the best known work on Existentialism)
being and nothingness
french philosopher
jean paul sartre
The state of excelling, surpassing or going beyond usual limits
transcendence
w h o fo rma l iz e d Phenomenology as philosophical tradition, t
edmund husserl
He claimed that the human person has ________ and they has to exercise this capacity because it is only in choosing that the human person becomes authentic
free will
Two types of Being:
- Being-in-itself
- Being-for-itself
is completely constituted.
BEING-IN-ITSELF
It is dissolved in identity- a “what is”.
BEING-IN-ITSELF
This is the reason why it is the being of material objects ; without consciousness, they are explicitly made or an actuality which is solid or opaque.
BEING-IN-ITSELF
Since consciousness is characterized with an essential structure of transcendence, then it cannot coincide with itself in full equivalence as characterized like the being-in- itself.
BEING-FOR-ITSELF
It is the exact opposite of the being-in-itself because it is the decompression (to restore or reconstruct) of being.
BEING-FOR-ITSELF
consciousness to itself or the being of action.
BEING-FOR-ITSELF
Another concept central to existentialism is ______
the concept of nothingness
is the source of these phenomena and is characterized by them viz
soul
who said this: The soul is the source of these phenomena and is characterized by them viz. by the power of self nutrition, sensation, thinking and movement, further, since the soul by which primarily we live, perceive and think - it follows that the soul must be an account and essence, not matter or subject… it is the soul which is the actuality of certain kind of body
aristotle
“The body is not the essence of the soul; but the soul by the nature of its essence can be united to the body, so that, properly speaking, not the soul alone, but the “composite” is the species. And the very fact that the soul in a certain way requires the body for its operation proves that the soul is endowed with a grade of intellectuality inferior to that of an angel, who is not unified to a body
st. thomas aquinas
In the contemporary period of the history of philosophy, these problems of how the body interact if they have different natures and how the human person can really know things in the world through the soul when the one connected to the world or is in the world is the body, were addressed through the philosophical tradition called _____
phenomenology
t h is philosophical movement is concerned with the study of phenomena or appearances of things as they are experienced.
phenomenology
is the study of conscious experience as experienced from the first-person point of view
phenomenology
German philosopher and founder of p h e n ome n o l o g y, d ire c te d h is st u d i e s towa rd understanding the body naturalistic presuppositions about it and the embodied personhood giving a description of an embodied experience
edmund husserl
another phenomenological philosopher, expands on Husserl’s perspectives and asserts that the theory of the body is a theory of perception
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
used the concept of “my body” to explain the unity of body and soul.
gabriel marcel
In his work, The Mystery of Being, he analyzed the meaning of experiencing “my body
gabriel marcel
professor of philosophy and neurobiology at the Duke University, in a work titled problem of the soul, presented the concept called De-souling Persons
owen flanagan
Owen Flanagan, professor of philosophy and neurobiology at the Duke University, in a work titled problem of the soul, presented the concept called ___________
De-souling Persons.
argued that to see evolution as the explanation of human nature together with the natural selection does not mean that life has no purpose; it only means that meaning and purpose were not handed down by a supreme being.
owen flanagan
work which explains all the capacities possessed by all living things.
aristotle’s de animus
His work involves the relation of the psvche (soul) and the body;
aristotle’s de animus
Descartes’ assertion is a philosophical perspective which believes that the nature of man is
pure mind
He claimed that the human person has free will and they has to exercise this capacity because it is only in ________ that the human person becomes authentic
choosing
one of the best known work on Existentialism
Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on ontology
which is the actuality of certain kind of body
the soul
what was gabriel marcel’s work
the mystery of being
