Q1: Lesson 1 pt. 2 | Philosophers Flashcards
in this period, Even before the birth of natural Philosophy, people had already attempted to explain the origin of things and the events or occurrences in nature.
Pre-philosophical Period
in this period, Such attempts are evident in the folklores, myths, and legends that the ancient peoples believed in. However, these stories are characterized by religious elements or supernatural powers and not by natural or rational explanation.
BRIEF HISTORY IN PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy begun in the Ionic Colonies of Asia Minor around ____________
6th century BC
Philosophy begun in the ________________ around 6th century BC
Ionic Colonies of Asia Minor
first greek philosopher
thales
father of philosophy
thales
The first to engage in the inquiry of searching for causes and principles of the natural world and various phenomena without relying on supernatural explanation and divine components.
thales
By observing nature, he believed that earth floats on water, while it is considered as the first/ ultimate substance.
thales
for thales, what was the ultimate substance
water
Also wondered about the beginning of the universe and where it came from.
anaximander
to him, The universe is formed from the boundless (apeiron) which is both the first principle (arche) and the substance (stoicheion) of the universe
anaximander
to anaximander, the universe was from the _________
boundless
another name for boundless
apeiron
argued that air was the fundamental element
anaximenes
for anaximenes, _____ was the fundamental element
air
They also offered a cosmological account, but they expanded their focus on the human subject and investigated the nature of inquiry itself in the physical explanations they provided.
heraclitus and xenophanes
continued the Miletian claim of a single, proper substance.
heraclitus and xenophanes
claimed the “unity of opposites”.
heraclitus
heraclitus claimed the
unity of opposites
claimed that there is a single God.
xenophanes
he did not subscribe to the idea of an anthropomorphic God
xenophanes
This group believes that the cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers. For them, things become knowable because they are structured in this way; the structure can apparently be expressed in a numerical ratio.
pythagoras and the pythagoreans
they believed that nature can be quantified.
pythagoras and the pythagoreans
he second period in the history of Greek philosophy. Although comparatively short, it is considered as the most flourishing.
Socrates and the Socratic Schools
This period was dominated by three famous philosophers – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Socrates and the Socratic Schools
The philosophers in this period mainly had to answer the problem of how to save the intellectual and the moral life of a nation, which was threatened by materialism and skepticism.
Socrates and the Socratic Schools
Father of Western Philosophy
socrates
He left no writing at all yet he greatly influenced western philosophical tradition through Plato’s Dialogues.
socrates
a method of question and answer which aims to provoke the one being asked to think for himself/herself and to clarify his/her conceptions about what is asked.
socratic method
another name for socratic method
elenchus
is also regarded as one
who argued self-examination and
claimed that “the unexamined life
is not worth living”.
socrates
When the young men in the City started to question the same way ______ did, he was then arrested for allegedly corrupting the minds of the youth.
socrates
how did socrates die
hemlock poisoning
he said “I Know that I Know Nothing”
socrates
taught that concept is the only true knowledge
socrates
Socrates taught that concept is the only true knowledge - to which _____ concluded that the concept, or idea, is the only true reality.
plato
he had the archetypal Greek belief, that humanity was born with an innate knowledge of everything, and that learning was a process of unlocking the memories.
plato
(written in a form of conversation) where his philosophical ideas are found, which are accounts of what he is concerned with as influenced by his teacher, Socrates.
Work 1: The Dialogues (
which discusses his social and political philosophy and his belief that Greek city-states must be led by Philosopher kings in order to flourish, and that justice is best manifested if persons would do what is suited to each of his or her soul.
work 2: the republic
is the science of idea or of the unconditioned basis of phenomena.
philosophy
Plato’s philosophy is the completion and extension of ____
socrates
His philosophical ideas are found in his dialogues which are accounts of what he is concerned with as influenced by his teacher, Socrates.
plato
His works also encourage humanity to seek what is good, what is true, and what is beautiful in the intellectual realm beyond the appearances because the senses are often deceitful.
plato
He also urge that humans detach themselves to what is corporeal because the soul without the limitation of the body can better recognize the eternal form of truth, beauty, and goodness.
plato
he founded the academia
plato
what did plato founded
the academia
in the academia, People are taught not only Math and Spellings but also ___________
how to be good and kind
His father was the Royal Doctor;
aristotle
His modest nickname was the Master or simplY, the Philosopher;
aristotle
His first big job was to tutor Alexander the Great;
aristotle
He founded a little school called the Lyceum.
aristotle
what famous figure did aristotle teach
alexander the great
He likes to walk about while discussing lectures and ideas. He was then nicknamed, The Wanderous.
aristotle
aristotle likes to walk about while discussing lectures and ideas. He was then nicknamed, ______
The Wanderous.
He was fascinated by how many things actually works (how a chick grow in an egg, how squid reproduce, why a plant grow well in one place and hardly at all in another);
aristotle
For him, Philosophy was about practical wisdom.
aristotle
His philosophy is often described as an opposition to the platonic philosophical tradition. He believed that perceptual and cognitive faculties of people are dependable; such belief places humans in direct contact with the world which is to be studied and therefore engaged in substantive philosophy.
aristotle
His method focuses on analyzing phenomena or experience and providing credible opinions about these experiences to arrive at adequate proof.
aristotle
He also believed that the aim of philosophy is truth, and the endowment of senses will lead a person in direct contact with the world, and therefore allow him to analyze whether what appears upon scrutiny and analysis is correct.
aristotle
Philosophers in this period used philosophy as a handmaid of theology.
Medieval Period: Scholasticism
Described as the confluence of faith and reason.
Medieval Period: Scholasticism
Concerned with proving God’s existence and understanding what is man in relation with God.
Medieval Period: Scholasticism
Directed its inquiry on how reason can be used to provide proofs that God exists.
Medieval Period: Scholasticism
_____ Philosophers’ attempt to reconcile faith and reason reveals that reflection and analysis may be used to clarify thought or provide pieces of evidence as proofs for a topic important to human, like religious beliefs
medieval
He argued that GOD’s EXISTENCE IS PROVABLE;
st anselm of canterbury
He offered a deductive argument for the existence of God based on what he understood to be the nature of God’s being or the definition of God.
st anselm of canterbury
For him, God is the best possible thing we can imagine: “(GOD IS) THAT THAN NO GREATER CAN BE CONCEIVED”
st anselm of canterbury
He served as Bishop of Hippo for 35 years proving popular and inspirational to the largely uneducated and poor congregation;
st augustine of hippo, africa
Only his Cathedral and Library was left untouched when the Germanic tribe, the Vandals, burned the legion of Hippo. This was out of respect for the elderly Philosopher’s achievements.
st augustine of hippo, africa
He furiously disagreed that Human life could be perfected and that the society was just.
st augustine of hippo, africa
“We cannot properly love for we are constantly undermined by our egoism and our pride”.
st augustine of hippo, africa
promoted “the argument by analogy” against solipsism or the philosophical idea that only one’s own existence is the only thing that is real.
Solipsism - we can only be sure of the existence of our self, everything else is just a projection of our mind.
st augustine of hippo, africa
notes that of all creatures, only man is made in the “image” of God. He reasoned therefore, that the best analogy for God’s nature would be found in the creature who bears his image.
st augustine of hippo, africa
He dismissed Anselm’s belief of God’s existence.
st thomas aquinas
He believes in God, but as a Philosopher, it was important to have evidence of these belief.
st thomas aquinas
He argued the existence of God through his understanding of Science and with the help of physical evidence.
st thomas aquinas
AQUINAS’ ARGUMENT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
Argument from Motion (movers)
Argument from Causation (cause and effect)
Argument from Contingency (existence)
Argument from Degrees (measurement of perfection)
Teleological Argument (argument used by Theist to argue the existence of God)
Recognized to be concerned about problems or issues on knowledge. It is often described as dominated by two school of thought
modern period of philosophy
The reflections and analysis are directed toward answering the questions on the nature of knowledge and the verification and types of knowledge claims to be known by humans.
modern period of philosophy
Empiricism and Rationalism - and ends with a synthesis made by Immanuel Kant.
modern period of philosophy
Rationalist believes that reason is the sole source of knowledge.
RATIONALISM
believes that reason is the sole source of knowledge.
rationalists
Types of knowledge are limited to analytic or formal knowledge of mathematics and logic.
rationalism
Experience is also a source of knowledge;
the five senses concerned to the world can be used to determine what can be known; truth is based on what corresponds to reality.
empiricism
He questioned his belief and even his own existence;
rene descartes
Father of Modern Philosophy
rene descartes
He pointed out that our sense fail us all the time.
rene descartes
he said COGITO ERGO SUM
I think, therfore, I am.
rene descartes
He believed that we are born as Tabularasa or a blank slate; all knowledge is obtained through experience.
john locke
He rejected the concepts of innate ideas but he agreed to Descartes’ belief particularly that of the idea that our senses could be deceitful.
john locke
One of the most influential thinkers in modern Philosophy;
immanuel kant
Examined the extent to which human reason is capable; “to criticize reason by reason”.
immanuel kant
What can reason alone determine without the help of our senses;
Critique of Pure Reason
The connection between Rationality (thinking) and Experience (what we perceive).
Critique of Pure Reason
A school of thought which dominated the the English speaking countries;
analytic tradition
Concentrated in logical analysis of language to solve the problems which beset philosophy;
analytic tradition
Philosopher under this tradition espouses a method of verification which only accepts as meaningful and tru those which can be investigated by science.
analytic tradition
Analysis of meaningfulness of descriptions as opposed to names that designates or denotes a subject
Bertrand Russell
Analysis is decomposing complex concepts into their simple constituents.
George Edward Moore
He believes that the task of philosophy is to carefully analyze ordinary language use, known as linguistic analysis.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Dominated the English speaking countries during the 19th and 20th centuries;
continental tradition
Philosopher during this period believes that the scientific method is insufficient to provide an explanation to the world;
continental tradition
This tradition takes into account the conceptions of the past and the views that any analysis is contextualized in history.
continental tradition
An ________________ can make sense of the different perspectives, if one can distinguish them from a partial point of view, and develop a holistic perspective to see the whole or bigger picture.
effective understanding
An effective understanding can make sense of the different perspectives, if one can distinguish them from a partial point of view, and develop a holistic perspective to see the whole or bigger picture. This manner will give you _______________
the value of philosophizing.
is to take part in activities which do not only give you a partial point of view but a holistic perspective emanating from reflections and analysis.
to philosophize
The _________________ (i.e. love of wisdom) gives a clue on how to philosophize.
etymology of philosophy
