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Anatomy > Q&A Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Q&A Thoracic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the clavicle in the dog and cat

A

Cat: separate, nonarticular bone; Dog:rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus m

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2
Q

What does the spine of the scapula divide?

A

Lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae

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3
Q

What is the acromion?

A

End of the spine of the scapula

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4
Q

What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?

A

Suprahamate process

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5
Q

What is the glenoid fossa and its function?

A

Shallow cavity of the scapula articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

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6
Q

What is the supraglenoid tubercle and what is its function?

A

cranial process near glenoid cavity for the attachment of the biceps brachii muscle

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7
Q

What and where is the greater tubercle?

A

Projection located craniolateral to the head of the humerus-point of shoulder

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8
Q

What is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?

A

the sulcus between the greater and the lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon

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9
Q

What is the condyle of the humerus?

A

Entire distal end of the humerus

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10
Q

What arises from the epicondyles of the humerus?

A

Lateral: extensors of the forearm; medial: epicondyle flexer

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11
Q

What foramen is found in the canine and feline humeri, and what passes through them?

A

Dog: supratrochlear foramen - nothing; Cat: supracondylar foramen - median n., and brachial vessels

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12
Q

What and where is the styloid process of the radius?

A

Distal pointed end of the radius, medial

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13
Q

What is the function of the olecranon? That is the common name for it?

A

Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow; point of elbow

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14
Q

Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends

A

Trochlear notch (semilunar notch); proximal end= anconeal process; distal end = medial and lateral coronoid process

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15
Q

What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?

A

Distal end of ulna, lateral side

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16
Q

List the parts of the manus from proximal to distal

A

Carpus, metacarpus, digits (proximal, middle, distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones)

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17
Q

What does the term carpus designate?

A

Carpal bones and compound joint formed by these bones Or the region between the metacarpal bones and the forearm

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18
Q

Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row

A

Proximal row from medial to lateral = radial, ulnar, accessory carpal bones; Distal row = 1-4 medial to lateral

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19
Q

Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and considered a landmark?

A

Accessory carpal bone

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20
Q

List the bones of each digit and their locations

A

Proximal, middle and distal phalanges (no middle in dewclaw), 2 proximal sesamoid bones (1 in dewclaw on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints), 1 dorsal sesamoid bone for each digit 1-4

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21
Q

What is the fingerlike structure covering the ungual process?

A

horny claw

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22
Q

What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?

A

ungual crrest

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23
Q

What is the digit that doesn’t reach the ground? made up of P1,P3, 1 proximal sesamoid, and MtC1

A

dew claw

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24
Q

What is the configuration of the shoulder joint?

A

ball and socket joint (spheroidal)

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25
Q

What type of motion is allowed by the shoulder joint?

A

all movements but mainly flexion/extension

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26
Q

What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?

A

Extension of the shoulder joint capsule acting as a tendon sheath

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27
Q

what stabilized the shoulder joint?

A

No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabilize it

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28
Q

What bones make up the elbow joint?

A

humeral condyle, trochlear notch of the ulna, head of radius

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29
Q

What type of joint is the elbow (cubital joint) and what action is allowed?

A

hinge (ginglymus) joint; compound joint; flexion and extension

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30
Q

what powerful ligaments bind sides of all joints of the limb except the shoulder?

A

lateral and medial collateral ligaments; limits movement to mainly flexion/extension

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31
Q

What type of joint is the carpus? what movement does it allow?

A

Compound/composite hinge joint; flexion and extension (also gliding and rotation)

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32
Q

List the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows

A

Antebrachial joint: mot movement of flexion and extension; middle carpal joint: less considerable flexion and extension; carpometacarpal joint: very little, mainly gliding; intercarpal joints: gliding

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33
Q

List the boundaries of the carpal canal

A

Carpal bones (covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage), accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)

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34
Q

List the joints of the digits

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints between meta-carpal bone and proximal phalanx; Proximal interdigital joint - between P1 & P2; Distal interdigital joint - between P2 & P3

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35
Q

What bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

2 parlmar sesamoids for digits 2-5, 1 for dewclaw

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36
Q

What ligament extends form proximal P2 to dorsal P3?

A

Dorsal elastic ligament, unique to carnivores

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37
Q

What flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints?

A

Proximal: DDF and SDF, Distal: only DDF

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38
Q

What is the function of the elastic dorsal ligament of a cats digits?

A

Oppose DDF, keep claw retracted

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39
Q

What local thickening of the deep fascia hold tendons in place?

A

Retinaculum

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40
Q

In which layer are the cutaneous muscles located?

A

in the superficial fascia

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41
Q

What is the function of the cutaneous muscles?

A

twitch the skin

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42
Q

List the different types of muscle and whether they are voluntary or not

A

Striated Skeletal muscle = voluntary, Cardiac muscle = involuntary; Smoot unstriated muscle = involuntary

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43
Q

What are the two attachments of skeletal muscles?

A

Origin (proximal and/or least movable) and insertion (distal and/or more movable)

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44
Q

What are the flat attachments of flat muscles?

A

Aponeuroses

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45
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons = attach muscle to bone, ligaments = attache bone to bone

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46
Q

What do muscle actions depend on?

A

How they cross a joint, the number of joints crossed, and the shape of the joint

47
Q

List 3 types of muscle attachments

A

Tendinous, Aponeurotic, Fleshy

48
Q

Define extension and flexion

A

Extension: increases angle between bones; Flexion: decreases angle between bones

49
Q

Define adduction and abduction

A

Adduction: move toward body; Abduction: moves away from body

50
Q

Define supination and pronation

A

Supination: palmar surface dorsal; Pronation: palmar surface ventral

51
Q

What is the movement of an extremity in a plane describing the surface of a cone?

A

circumduction

52
Q

What muscles connect the thoracic limb to the head, neck and trunk?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb

53
Q

Name five of the 8 extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb

A

Trapezius, Omotransversarius, Brachiocephalicus, superficial and deep pectoral, latissimus dorsi, serratus ventralis and rhomboideus

54
Q

Which extrinsic muscel supports the weight of the trunk?

A

Serratus ventralis - forms a sling for the trunk

55
Q

What muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb?

A

Intrinsic muscle of the limb

56
Q

What muscles replace the collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brachii

57
Q

What nerve enervates the infra- and supraspinatus mm

A

Suprascapular nerve

58
Q

What is the common insertion of all four heads of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

Olecranon

59
Q

Where does the biceps brachii muscle originate?

A

supraglenoid tuberosity

60
Q

What nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits?

A

Radial nerve

61
Q

How are the forearm muscles grouped?

A

Craniolateral - extensors and Caudal - flexors

62
Q

Where do most of the extensors of the digits/carpus arise?

A

on or near the lateral epicondyle

63
Q

What muscles arise/originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Caudal antebrachial muscles

64
Q

What nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus? what nerve innervates the caudal antebrachial muscles (flexors)

A

Radial n. = extensors; median and ulnar n = flexors

65
Q

Where does the ADF and DDF insert? why is this clinically significant?

A

DDF- Distal phalanges; SDF - middle phalanges; Significance - DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint SDF does not

66
Q

Where are most of the vessels and nerves on the arm and why?

A

Medial side for protection

67
Q

List the main arteries to the forelimb and their location

A

Subclavian - medial to first rib; Axillary - in axilla; Subscapular - along caudal scapula; Brachial - in arm; Common interosseous - last branch of brachial; median - in forearm; digital - in paw

68
Q

What are the locations of the cephalic and accesory cephalic veins of the manus; where do they join and continue as cephalic vein?

A

Cephalic palmar paw; accesory cephalic-dorsal paw. they meet above the carpus to travel cranial on the forearm

69
Q

Can the lymph nodes of the thoracic limb be palpated?

A

Axillary - no; Accessory if present yes and superficial cranial yes

70
Q

How is the nervous system divided functionally and structurally?

A

Function - Somatic and Autonomic; Structure - CNS and PNS

71
Q

Which function of the NS keeps the body in balance with its external environment? internal?

A

External - Somatic; Internal - Autonomic

72
Q

What are the two parts of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

73
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia

74
Q

What are two impulses of the NS both somatic and autonomic?

A

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)

75
Q

What nervous structures pass from the spinal cord to the periphery?

A

Spinal nerves (LMN)

76
Q

Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral foramen

77
Q

What arises from the spinal cord to form a spinal nerve?

A

Ventral and Dorsal roots

78
Q

What are the two main branches of spinal nerves? What do they carry

A

Dorsal and Ventral branches; mixed motor and sensory fibers

79
Q

What areas do the ventral and dorsal motor branches of the spinal nerves supply motor innervation?

A

Ventral - muscles ventral to the transverse processes; Dorsal - muscles dorsal to the transverse processes

80
Q

What spinal nerve branches supply sensation form the skin of the abdominal wall and back?

A

Dorsal - above transverse processes and upper flank; ventral the rest

81
Q

List the components of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory (afferent) neuron, interneuron, motor (efferent) neuron, LMN, effector (target organ)

82
Q

What two muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

A

Supraspiantus and infraspiantus

83
Q

What innervates the cutaneous trunci

A

Lateral thoracic nerve

84
Q

What nerve innervates the flexor of the elbow and is necessary for weight bearing?

A

Radial nerve

85
Q

What nerves does SS-MAR-MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they arise?

A

SS - cranial; supraspinatus ans subscapularis; MAR - middle; musculocutaneous, axillary, radial; MU - caudal; median and ulnar

86
Q

What nerves innervate the extensors and flexors of the forepaw?

A

extensors : radial n; Flexors ; median and ulnar

87
Q

Where does the radial nerve become superficial and in danger?

A

laterally under the triceps brachii muscle

88
Q

What are two cutaneous areas of the forepaw?

A

Dorsal paw; radial n, abaxial 5 (lateral) digit: ulnar n

89
Q

What normal structures can be mistaken for lytic areas of the cortex?

A

nutrient foramina

90
Q

What should be done if questions arise from radiographs of a limb?

A

take films of the opposite limb

91
Q

The different views _____ different sides of bones

A

highlight

92
Q

What does the lateral view highlight?

A

Cranial and caudal or dorsal and palmar/plantar surfaces of bones

93
Q

What are radiographic landmarks for the medial side of the thoracic limb?

A

dew claw and radial carpal bone

94
Q

what are landmarks for the lateral side of the thoracic limb?

A

spine of the scapula, greater tubercle, distal ulna, accessory carpal bone

95
Q

what are caudal/palmar landmarks of the forelimb?

A

head of the humerus, olecranon, accessory carpal bone

96
Q

what does craniocaudal or dorsopalmar view highlight?

A

medial and lateral structures of the limb

97
Q

name two normal structures that can be mistaken for fractures in the forelimb

A

sesamoid bones of digits, lateral collateral ligament of elbow, anconeal process of ulna, accessory ossicle of caudal scapula

98
Q

On what side of the limb is the accessory carpal bone?

A

lateral and palmar

99
Q

What bone may be mistaken for a chip fracture of the carpus?

A

sesamoid of the oblique carpal extensor tendon

100
Q

What is a pathological osseous outgrowth seen radiographically?

A

bone spur/osteophyte

101
Q

What is an increase in the density of a bone?

A

Sclerosis

102
Q

What is the destruction of a bone, seen as reduced density?

A

Lysis

103
Q

What is luxation or dislocation?

A

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces of a joint

104
Q

Define subluxation

A

partial loss of contact between articular surfaces of a joint

105
Q

what is OCD - osteochondrosis?

A

defect in endochondral ossification: deeperlayer of cartilage die

106
Q

Do you look for radiographic changes in the cartilage in OC?

A

No, you can’t see it, check subchondral bone

107
Q

list 2 of the 4 common sites of OCD lesions

A

1- shoulder;2- medial humeral condyle; 3- medial and lateral femoral condyle ;4 - proximal medial trochlea

108
Q

What is the #1 site of OCD in a dog? Describe its appearance in contrast to normal

A

Caudal aspect of the head of the humerus; Normal looks smooth and round with no flattening; OCD looks flattened or cratering with subchondral bone sclerosis

109
Q

What can the cats clavicle be mistaken for in lateral radiographs?

A

bone in espophagus

110
Q

What can premature closure of either distal or proximal radial physis cause?

A

subluxation of the humeral-radial joint

111
Q

Where is OCD of the elbow located?

A

medial condyle of the humerus

112
Q

what is an ununited anconeal process?

A

failure of the anconeal process to unite with ulna by 6 months

113
Q

what is fragmented medial coronoid process?

A

improper development and fragmentation of cartilaginous precursor

114
Q

haw are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus differentiated in a lateral radiograph?

A

Medial is squared and extend further caudally than the rounded lateral epicondyle

Anatomy (32 decks)

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