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Clinical/ Applied Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of most fractures of the humerus

A

Shaft (diaphysis)

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2
Q

What hinders the retraction of median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat

A

They pass through the supracondylar foramen

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3
Q

What can cause premature closer of a growth plate

A

Injury to physis (growth plate)

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4
Q

What happens if there is premature closure of the distal ulnar physis

A

Cranial and medial curvature of the radius carpal valgus, and subluxation of elbow

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5
Q

What type of fracture often occurs in the radius and ulna

A

Open

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6
Q

How are simple fractures of the radius and ulna treated

A

with external cast

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7
Q

how are olecranon fractures treated and why

A

requires tension band appliance ( 2 IM pins and a figure 8 wire) to counteract the pull of the triceps brachii muscle

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8
Q

What is the first thing you should think about when treating trochlear notch fractures

A

need exact anatomical reduction

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9
Q

What is the “quick” that bleeds if a horny claw is cut too short

A

Artery in the dermis over the ungual process

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10
Q

how is cutting the Quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws

A

Unpigmented: don’t cut into visible pink cone
pigmented: Shave off layers until the white area is reached then use the first to judge the rest

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11
Q

What must be removed in a declaw to prevent regrowth

A

Ungual crest

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12
Q

What two methods of declawing ensure removal of the ungual crest

A

Remove all to P3, or all ungual crest but the base/ flexor process of P3

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13
Q

How is a declaw operation preformed

A

Guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad

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14
Q

What is sequestrum

A

Piece of dead bone

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15
Q

When is it best to remove dewclaws in dogs

A

in neonate

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16
Q

Briefly describe how a dewclaw is removed in a neonate

A

Prep, cut dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture

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17
Q

What can be mistaken for a chip fracture in a carpal radiograph

A

Sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor tendon

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18
Q

what, if damaged causes lunation or subluxation of the carpal joint

A

Rapture of the palmar carpal ligament and the joint capsule

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19
Q

what is the term for extra digits, common in cats

A

polydactyly

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20
Q

What is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint

A

False joint

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21
Q

What is an articular separation called

A

Luxation, subluxation, or dislocation

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22
Q

What is the most common site for osteochondrosis

A

Shoulder- head of the humerus

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23
Q

With what does the shoulder joint communicate in the canine

A

intertubercular bursa

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24
Q

What helps prevent lunation in the shoulder

A

thickening of joint capsule and adjacent muscles

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25
Why is lateral lunation more likely in the dogs elbow
lateral epicondyle is smaller than the medial
26
Define ununited anconeal process
Failure of the anconeal process to unite with the ulna after 6 months of age
27
When does the anconeal process unite in German Shepherds
by 6 months
28
What can be fragmented medial coronoid process cause
degeneration of elbow joint
29
What muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally
Anconeus
30
How do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles
Compare muscles on both side by palpation
31
What what level is it easier to amputate the forelimb and why
Scapular removal is faster and easier than shoulder disarculation
32
Where is a subcutaneous injection made
Though the skin into superficial fascia
33
How can pus move from one are to another
Along fascial planes
34
How can a neck infection spread through the thorax
Migrate down facial planes
35
How are fascial planes used in surgery
Used as cleavage planes to reach deep structures relatively free from blood
36
Why is leaving the scapula when amputation the forelimb cosmetically unacceptable in short haired dogs
Atrophy= unsightly bony prominences
37
How do dogs do on 3 limbs
Most adapt well larger the animal the harder
38
What muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb including the scapula
all extrinsic muscles of the forelimb
39
what is tenotomy
transecting a tendon
40
What is the easiest vein for venipuncture
Cephalic vein
41
Where is the venipuncture usually preformed on the cephalic vein
in the forearm above the carpus; start distally so that if you flub you can move up the arm
42
To puncture the external jugular vein first go through the ____ parallel to the vein and then angle and insert the needle gently into the vein
Skin because it moves freely
43
Why can't you tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antebracium
Caudal interosseous is protected from occlusion by deep position between bones
44
How is the superficial cervical lymph node palpated in a dog
Retract arm and palpate in deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatus mm, just dorsal to the level of acromium
45
How is the accessory axillary lymph node palpated if it is present
Lay hand flat on thorax caudal to arm and stroke caudally
46
Why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis
Phernic nerve to diaphragm arises from cervical and brachial plexus
47
What is the panniculus response
contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of trunk
48
What is the reflex arch for the panniculus response
Sensation from the skin of the trunk over thoracic and lumbar spinal nn to the spinal cord, up cord to lateral thoracic n. out to the cutaneous trunci muscle
49
Clinically what is the panniculus response used to evaluate
Level of thoracic spinal cord damage
50
Where is the spinal cord damage if the panniculus response disappears at the level of the 12 thoracic vertebrae
Level of T10 (segment 2 vertebrae cranial to level of skin because nerves pass caudoventrally
51
What are signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus
complete paralysis, extended flaccid limb. unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw
52
Does sensation to the complete aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial plexus avulsion
no because are innervated by the intercostobrachialis nn. which doesn't arise form the brachial plexus
53
What results from the damage to the supra scapular nerve
sweeney
54
What is sweeney
Atrophy of the suprasinatus and infraspinatus mm= prominent scapular spine
55
What is the most common and clinically sig. nerve problem of the forelimb
Radial paralysis
56
What are the two types of radial nerve injury
high and low radial nerve injury
57
Where are high and low radial nerve injury located
High: before triceps Low: after triceps
58
What are the signs of high radial nerve paralysis
Inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over digits
59
what are the signs for low radial nerve paralysis
Knuckling over digits
60
To what common condition is low radial nerve paralysis a sequela
fracture of the humerus
61
What are the two ways to tell if there is nerve damage
loss of skin sensation and loss of motor enervation (loss of function or spongy feel to muscles)
62
What sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury
Loss of sensation on dorsal manus
63
How is knuckling of radial nerve paralysis compensated
flip the limb as it is advanced
64
how is the loss of motor neurons of the limbs determined
Observance of gait; depression of tone and reflexes; palpation of muscle atrophy
65
How is loss of sensory neurons determined
analgesia (loss of sensation)
66
What is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb
point of the shoulder/ greater tubercle
67
what palpable process separates the lateral surface of the scapula
spine of the scapula

Anatomy (32 decks)

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