Clinical/ Applied Anatomy Flashcards
What is the location of most fractures of the humerus
Shaft (diaphysis)
What hinders the retraction of median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat
They pass through the supracondylar foramen
What can cause premature closer of a growth plate
Injury to physis (growth plate)
What happens if there is premature closure of the distal ulnar physis
Cranial and medial curvature of the radius carpal valgus, and subluxation of elbow
What type of fracture often occurs in the radius and ulna
Open
How are simple fractures of the radius and ulna treated
with external cast
how are olecranon fractures treated and why
requires tension band appliance ( 2 IM pins and a figure 8 wire) to counteract the pull of the triceps brachii muscle
What is the first thing you should think about when treating trochlear notch fractures
need exact anatomical reduction
What is the “quick” that bleeds if a horny claw is cut too short
Artery in the dermis over the ungual process
how is cutting the Quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws
Unpigmented: don’t cut into visible pink cone
pigmented: Shave off layers until the white area is reached then use the first to judge the rest
What must be removed in a declaw to prevent regrowth
Ungual crest
What two methods of declawing ensure removal of the ungual crest
Remove all to P3, or all ungual crest but the base/ flexor process of P3
How is a declaw operation preformed
Guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad
What is sequestrum
Piece of dead bone
When is it best to remove dewclaws in dogs
in neonate
Briefly describe how a dewclaw is removed in a neonate
Prep, cut dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture
What can be mistaken for a chip fracture in a carpal radiograph
Sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor tendon
what, if damaged causes lunation or subluxation of the carpal joint
Rapture of the palmar carpal ligament and the joint capsule
what is the term for extra digits, common in cats
polydactyly
What is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint
False joint
What is an articular separation called
Luxation, subluxation, or dislocation
What is the most common site for osteochondrosis
Shoulder- head of the humerus
With what does the shoulder joint communicate in the canine
intertubercular bursa
What helps prevent lunation in the shoulder
thickening of joint capsule and adjacent muscles
Why is lateral lunation more likely in the dogs elbow
lateral epicondyle is smaller than the medial
Define ununited anconeal process
Failure of the anconeal process to unite with the ulna after 6 months of age
When does the anconeal process unite in German Shepherds
by 6 months
What can be fragmented medial coronoid process cause
degeneration of elbow joint
What muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally
Anconeus
How do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles
Compare muscles on both side by palpation
What what level is it easier to amputate the forelimb and why
Scapular removal is faster and easier than shoulder disarculation
Where is a subcutaneous injection made
Though the skin into superficial fascia
How can pus move from one are to another
Along fascial planes
How can a neck infection spread through the thorax
Migrate down facial planes
How are fascial planes used in surgery
Used as cleavage planes to reach deep structures relatively free from blood
Why is leaving the scapula when amputation the forelimb cosmetically unacceptable in short haired dogs
Atrophy= unsightly bony prominences
How do dogs do on 3 limbs
Most adapt well larger the animal the harder
What muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb including the scapula
all extrinsic muscles of the forelimb
what is tenotomy
transecting a tendon
What is the easiest vein for venipuncture
Cephalic vein
Where is the venipuncture usually preformed on the cephalic vein
in the forearm above the carpus; start distally so that if you flub you can move up the arm
To puncture the external jugular vein first go through the ____ parallel to the vein and then angle and insert the needle gently into the vein
Skin because it moves freely
Why can’t you tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antebracium
Caudal interosseous is protected from occlusion by deep position between bones
How is the superficial cervical lymph node palpated in a dog
Retract arm and palpate in deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatus mm, just dorsal to the level of acromium
How is the accessory axillary lymph node palpated if it is present
Lay hand flat on thorax caudal to arm and stroke caudally
Why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis
Phernic nerve to diaphragm arises from cervical and brachial plexus
What is the panniculus response
contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of trunk
What is the reflex arch for the panniculus response
Sensation from the skin of the trunk over thoracic and lumbar spinal nn to the spinal cord, up cord to lateral thoracic n. out to the cutaneous trunci muscle
Clinically what is the panniculus response used to evaluate
Level of thoracic spinal cord damage
Where is the spinal cord damage if the panniculus response disappears at the level of the 12 thoracic vertebrae
Level of T10 (segment 2 vertebrae cranial to level of skin because nerves pass caudoventrally
What are signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus
complete paralysis, extended flaccid limb. unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw
Does sensation to the complete aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial plexus avulsion
no because are innervated by the intercostobrachialis nn. which doesn’t arise form the brachial plexus
What results from the damage to the supra scapular nerve
sweeney
What is sweeney
Atrophy of the suprasinatus and infraspinatus mm= prominent scapular spine
What is the most common and clinically sig. nerve problem of the forelimb
Radial paralysis
What are the two types of radial nerve injury
high and low radial nerve injury
Where are high and low radial nerve injury located
High: before triceps
Low: after triceps
What are the signs of high radial nerve paralysis
Inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over digits
what are the signs for low radial nerve paralysis
Knuckling over digits
To what common condition is low radial nerve paralysis a sequela
fracture of the humerus
What are the two ways to tell if there is nerve damage
loss of skin sensation and loss of motor enervation (loss of function or spongy feel to muscles)
What sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury
Loss of sensation on dorsal manus
How is knuckling of radial nerve paralysis compensated
flip the limb as it is advanced
how is the loss of motor neurons of the limbs determined
Observance of gait; depression of tone and reflexes; palpation of muscle atrophy
How is loss of sensory neurons determined
analgesia (loss of sensation)
What is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb
point of the shoulder/ greater tubercle
what palpable process separates the lateral surface of the scapula
spine of the scapula
