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Anatomy > Clinical/ Applied Anatomy > Flashcards

Clinical/ Applied Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of most fractures of the humerus

A

Shaft (diaphysis)

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2
Q

What hinders the retraction of median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat

A

They pass through the supracondylar foramen

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3
Q

What can cause premature closer of a growth plate

A

Injury to physis (growth plate)

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4
Q

What happens if there is premature closure of the distal ulnar physis

A

Cranial and medial curvature of the radius carpal valgus, and subluxation of elbow

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5
Q

What type of fracture often occurs in the radius and ulna

A

Open

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6
Q

How are simple fractures of the radius and ulna treated

A

with external cast

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7
Q

how are olecranon fractures treated and why

A

requires tension band appliance ( 2 IM pins and a figure 8 wire) to counteract the pull of the triceps brachii muscle

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8
Q

What is the first thing you should think about when treating trochlear notch fractures

A

need exact anatomical reduction

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9
Q

What is the “quick” that bleeds if a horny claw is cut too short

A

Artery in the dermis over the ungual process

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10
Q

how is cutting the Quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws

A

Unpigmented: don’t cut into visible pink cone
pigmented: Shave off layers until the white area is reached then use the first to judge the rest

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11
Q

What must be removed in a declaw to prevent regrowth

A

Ungual crest

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12
Q

What two methods of declawing ensure removal of the ungual crest

A

Remove all to P3, or all ungual crest but the base/ flexor process of P3

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13
Q

How is a declaw operation preformed

A

Guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad

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14
Q

What is sequestrum

A

Piece of dead bone

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15
Q

When is it best to remove dewclaws in dogs

A

in neonate

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16
Q

Briefly describe how a dewclaw is removed in a neonate

A

Prep, cut dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture

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17
Q

What can be mistaken for a chip fracture in a carpal radiograph

A

Sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor tendon

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18
Q

what, if damaged causes lunation or subluxation of the carpal joint

A

Rapture of the palmar carpal ligament and the joint capsule

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19
Q

what is the term for extra digits, common in cats

A

polydactyly

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20
Q

What is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint

A

False joint

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21
Q

What is an articular separation called

A

Luxation, subluxation, or dislocation

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22
Q

What is the most common site for osteochondrosis

A

Shoulder- head of the humerus

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23
Q

With what does the shoulder joint communicate in the canine

A

intertubercular bursa

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24
Q

What helps prevent lunation in the shoulder

A

thickening of joint capsule and adjacent muscles

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25
Q

Why is lateral lunation more likely in the dogs elbow

A

lateral epicondyle is smaller than the medial

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26
Q

Define ununited anconeal process

A

Failure of the anconeal process to unite with the ulna after 6 months of age

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27
Q

When does the anconeal process unite in German Shepherds

A

by 6 months

28
Q

What can be fragmented medial coronoid process cause

A

degeneration of elbow joint

29
Q

What muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally

A

Anconeus

30
Q

How do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles

A

Compare muscles on both side by palpation

31
Q

What what level is it easier to amputate the forelimb and why

A

Scapular removal is faster and easier than shoulder disarculation

32
Q

Where is a subcutaneous injection made

A

Though the skin into superficial fascia

33
Q

How can pus move from one are to another

A

Along fascial planes

34
Q

How can a neck infection spread through the thorax

A

Migrate down facial planes

35
Q

How are fascial planes used in surgery

A

Used as cleavage planes to reach deep structures relatively free from blood

36
Q

Why is leaving the scapula when amputation the forelimb cosmetically unacceptable in short haired dogs

A

Atrophy= unsightly bony prominences

37
Q

How do dogs do on 3 limbs

A

Most adapt well larger the animal the harder

38
Q

What muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb including the scapula

A

all extrinsic muscles of the forelimb

39
Q

what is tenotomy

A

transecting a tendon

40
Q

What is the easiest vein for venipuncture

A

Cephalic vein

41
Q

Where is the venipuncture usually preformed on the cephalic vein

A

in the forearm above the carpus; start distally so that if you flub you can move up the arm

42
Q

To puncture the external jugular vein first go through the ____ parallel to the vein and then angle and insert the needle gently into the vein

A

Skin because it moves freely

43
Q

Why can’t you tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antebracium

A

Caudal interosseous is protected from occlusion by deep position between bones

44
Q

How is the superficial cervical lymph node palpated in a dog

A

Retract arm and palpate in deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatus mm, just dorsal to the level of acromium

45
Q

How is the accessory axillary lymph node palpated if it is present

A

Lay hand flat on thorax caudal to arm and stroke caudally

46
Q

Why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis

A

Phernic nerve to diaphragm arises from cervical and brachial plexus

47
Q

What is the panniculus response

A

contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of trunk

48
Q

What is the reflex arch for the panniculus response

A

Sensation from the skin of the trunk over thoracic and lumbar spinal nn to the spinal cord, up cord to lateral thoracic n. out to the cutaneous trunci muscle

49
Q

Clinically what is the panniculus response used to evaluate

A

Level of thoracic spinal cord damage

50
Q

Where is the spinal cord damage if the panniculus response disappears at the level of the 12 thoracic vertebrae

A

Level of T10 (segment 2 vertebrae cranial to level of skin because nerves pass caudoventrally

51
Q

What are signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus

A

complete paralysis, extended flaccid limb. unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw

52
Q

Does sensation to the complete aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial plexus avulsion

A

no because are innervated by the intercostobrachialis nn. which doesn’t arise form the brachial plexus

53
Q

What results from the damage to the supra scapular nerve

A

sweeney

54
Q

What is sweeney

A

Atrophy of the suprasinatus and infraspinatus mm= prominent scapular spine

55
Q

What is the most common and clinically sig. nerve problem of the forelimb

A

Radial paralysis

56
Q

What are the two types of radial nerve injury

A

high and low radial nerve injury

57
Q

Where are high and low radial nerve injury located

A

High: before triceps
Low: after triceps

58
Q

What are the signs of high radial nerve paralysis

A

Inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over digits

59
Q

what are the signs for low radial nerve paralysis

A

Knuckling over digits

60
Q

To what common condition is low radial nerve paralysis a sequela

A

fracture of the humerus

61
Q

What are the two ways to tell if there is nerve damage

A

loss of skin sensation and loss of motor enervation (loss of function or spongy feel to muscles)

62
Q

What sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury

A

Loss of sensation on dorsal manus

63
Q

How is knuckling of radial nerve paralysis compensated

A

flip the limb as it is advanced

64
Q

how is the loss of motor neurons of the limbs determined

A

Observance of gait; depression of tone and reflexes; palpation of muscle atrophy

65
Q

How is loss of sensory neurons determined

A

analgesia (loss of sensation)

66
Q

What is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb

A

point of the shoulder/ greater tubercle

67
Q

what palpable process separates the lateral surface of the scapula

A

spine of the scapula

Anatomy (32 decks)

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