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Anatomy > Q&A and Clinical Reproduction > Flashcards

Q&A and Clinical Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony entrance into the pelvis?

A

pelvic inlet

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2
Q

What is the caudal indentation btwn the ischiatic tuberositites?

A

ischiatic arch

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3
Q

What is the suspensory ligament in carnivores?

A

Part of mesovarium- connecting ovary to last 1 or 2 ribs

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4
Q

What is the caudal part of the uterus, joining the uterus to the vagina?

A

cervix

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5
Q

What is the orientation to the cervical canal?

A

diagonally -craniodorsal to caudoventral

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6
Q

What is the muscular layer of the uterine wall called?

A

myometrium 

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7
Q

When is the cervix open?

A

during estrus and birth and short time there after

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8
Q

What is the vagina’s annular recess around the protruding cervix?

A

fornix of the vagina

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9
Q

Where is the clitoris located?

A

in ventral vestibule in ventral labial commissure in fossa

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10
Q

What is the area prone to edema of the female reproductive tract?

A

Area just cranial to external urethral opening

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11
Q

What is the perineum in the female?

A

Area surrounding anus and vulva, closing pelvic outlet

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12
Q

Name the three parts of the broad ligament.

A

Mesovarium- suspends ovary
Mesometrium- suspends uterus
Mesosalpinx- contains uterine tube

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13
Q

Name the small cavity around the ovary formed by the mesosalpinx.

A

ovarian bursa

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14
Q

What mesovarium structure attaches the ovary to the last 1 or 2 ribs in carnivores?

A

suspensory ligament

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15
Q

What is the vaginal process in the female dog?

A

round ligament in peritoneal evagination through inguinal canal. Indirect hernia > females

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16
Q

List the major parts of the male reproductive system.

A

scrotum, testicles, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, penis, accessory sex glands

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17
Q

What divides the scrotum into two compartments?

A

scrotal septum

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18
Q

Describe the cat’s scrotum, location, and conformation.

A

perineal, sessile(lacks a stalk, immobile), densely covered by hair

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19
Q

How are the epididymis and ductus deferens related to the testicle?

A

epididymis is lateral, ductus deferens is medial

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20
Q

What structure in the spermatic cord carries sperm into the abdomen and to the urethra?

A

ductus deferens

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21
Q

What is the relationship of the ductus deferens to the ureters?

A

Loops dorsally over the ureters

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22
Q

What is the relationship of the ductus deferens to the ureters?

A

Loops dorsally over the ureters

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23
Q

What structures are carried with the testicle as they descend?

A

peritoneum (becomes vaginal tunic) and fascia

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24
Q

When do the testicles descend in the carnivores?

A

shortly after birth

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25
Q

What major structures pass through the inguinal canal?

A

vaginal process - male: spermatic cord, female: round ligament
and external pudendal a. and v.

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26
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Slit in the aponeurosis of the EAO

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27
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

caudal free edge in the aponeurosis of the EAO between junction of thigh and hip

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28
Q

Name the three main parts of the vaginal tunic.

A

parietal, visceral, connecting(mesorchium)

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29
Q

What is the potential space btwn the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics?

A

vaginal cavity

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30
Q

What serosa connects the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics?

A

mesorchium

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31
Q

The vaginal cavity is continuous with the ______ at the vaginal ring.

A

peritoneal cavity

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32
Q

Name the structure extending from the testicle to the inguinal canal.

A

spermatic cord

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33
Q

On what side of the spermatic cord is the ductus deferens?

A

medial

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34
Q

What white ligamentous structure leaves the female’s inguinal canal?

A

vaginal process containing round ligament of the uterus

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35
Q

What is the vaginal ring?

A

point of evagination of peritoneum through inguinal canal forming opening btwn peritoneal and vaginal cavities

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36
Q

What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog? cat?

A

dog-prostate gland

cat- bulbourethral and prostate glands

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37
Q

What cutaneous sheath surrounds the end of the quiescent penis?

A

prepuce

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38
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A

root
body
glans

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39
Q

What are the two erectile bodies of the penis?

A

corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum

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40
Q

What three parts of the penis consist of corpus spongiosum?

A

encircles whole length of urethra(1) forming glans of penis(2) and bulb of penis(3)

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41
Q

In what unique direction does the non-erect cat’s penis point?

A

caudoventrally (vs erect cranialventrally)

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42
Q

What is noteworthy of the cat’s glans penis?

A

spines

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43
Q

What are the terminal branches of the aorta?

A

2 external and 2 internal iliac, 1 median sacral aa.

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44
Q

What do the terminal branches supply roughly

A

ext. iliac-pelvic limb
int. iliac-pelvis
median sacral- tail

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45
Q

What are the terminal branches of the internal iliac a?

A

caudal gluteal and internal pudendal aa

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46
Q

What is the main branch of the internal pudendal a?

A

urogenital a.
female- vaginal a.
male- prostatic a.

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47
Q

What is the main branch of the vaginal a?

A

uterine a.

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48
Q

What is the blood supply of to the uterus and ovary in the carnivores?

A

ovary: ovarian a.
uterus: uterine a. and uterine branch of ovarian a.

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49
Q

Where do ovarian or testicular veins drain?

A

left branch -left renal vein (avoids crossing aorta)

right branch - caudal vena cava

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50
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the pelvis? parasympathetic?

A

symp- hypogastric nn.

parasymp- pelvic nn.

51
Q

What is the nerve carrying tactile sensation from the glans penis?

A

dorsal nerve of the penis

52
Q

What is an easy way to remember the ANS supply to the penis?

A

point and shoot
parasympathetic- erection
sympathetic- ejaculation

53
Q

Are the internal genitalia of females normally seen on survey films?

A

no

54
Q

When can the uterus be seen on survey films?

A

when gravid (pregnant)

55
Q

When do the fetal skeletons start to ossify? dog/cat?

A

dog 41-45 days

cat 35-39 days

56
Q

what is the easiest part of the penis to see radiographically?

A

ospenis dog

57
Q

Can the internal male genitalia be seen easily on rads?

A

no

58
Q

What male genitalia can be seen btwn the hind limbs on the VD view?

A

scrotum containing testicles

59
Q

What is the normal location of the prostate gland?

A

in pelvic cavity

60
Q

What three organs in the body can enlarge in normal day to day activity or with normal developmental activity?

A

stomach
uterus
urinary bladder

61
Q

Where would you look for an enlarged ovary on rads?

A

caudal to kidneys or ventral abdomen

62
Q

How is the # of feti determined on rads?

A

of skulls/ backbones

63
Q

Which modality is best to determine # of feti?

A

rads

64
Q

What can indicate prostatic enlargement?

A

dorsal displacement of rectum

65
Q

Are cryptorchids routinely located with rads?

A

no too small, also water density

66
Q

What is looked for if one pelvic fracture is seen radiographically?

A

2 or more-come in 3’s, maybe luxation of sacroiliac joint

67
Q

How many castration incisions are usually made in the dog/cat?

A

dog- single prescrotal

cat- two scrotal

68
Q

why isn’t the scrotum incised when doing a dog castration?

A

to minimize irritation and swelling avoiding complications

69
Q

what is inflammation of the testicle?

A

orchitis

70
Q

What is a pull type castration of a cat?

A

Cut scrotum, pull vaginal tunic covered testis away from the body until spermatic cord and vessels stretch thin and snap

71
Q

What is a hernia?

A

peritoneal covered structure passing through a defect in wall

72
Q

What are indirect inguinal hernias called in male dogs?

A

scrotal hernia

73
Q

what is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

passes down inguinal canal

74
Q

what is a direct hernia?

A

explodes directly out of abdominal wall

75
Q

what is the clinical significance of the vaginal ring?

A

if large predispose to indirect inguinal hernias

76
Q

What is failure to the testicle to enter the scrotum?

A

cryptorchidism

77
Q

When do the testicles descend in carnivores?

A

shortly after birth

78
Q

Why should a cryptorchid be found and removed?

A

more likely to become neoplastic

79
Q

Define and open and closed castration?

A

open: vaginal tunic is is cut before spermatic cord is ligated
closed: spermatic cord is ligated before vaginal tunic is cut

80
Q

What type of castration would you perform if the environment was NOT sterile and why?

A

open, allowing infection to drain from abdomen if infection occurs

81
Q

How are dog castration performed?

A

single prescrotal incision, open or closed methods

82
Q

List some signs of prostatitis.

A

ribbon feces
constipation
preputial discharge
pain on rectal palpation

83
Q

How do you judge if the prostate is of normal size by rectal palpation.

A

size of barbie’s butt

84
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Stricture of prepuce prevents PROTRUSION of penis

85
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

stricture of prepuce prevents RETRACTION of the penis

86
Q

What do you think when you see prepucial discharge?

A

usually normal

87
Q

What can obstruct the urethra in several species?

A

urethral calculi

88
Q

Where do calculi usually lodge in the dog?

A

proximal to ospenis

89
Q

Why is FUS an emergency?

A

urine must escape or be removed or death

90
Q

What is FUS?

A

Feline urological/urinary syndrome

91
Q

What do u try first in an FUS if cat in good condition?

A

Extrude penis and massage distal end to try to dislodge plug

92
Q

If immediate unblocking of a FUS tom is not possible and the cat is in poor shape, what should u do?

A

cystocentesis

93
Q

What must be ligated when doing an ovariohysterectomy?

A

uterine and ovarian aa.

94
Q

How is the ovary brought into the abdominal incision during a spay?

A

strum suspensory ligament until it breaks

95
Q

What is a cesarean section?

A

removal of fetus through abdominal and uterine walls (nonvascular dorsal or ventral midline incision)

96
Q

What is dystocia?

A

difficult birth

97
Q

what is the turning inside out of the uterus and vagina and their projection through the vulva?

A

uterine prolapse

98
Q

what is inflammation of all layers of the uterus?

A

metritis

99
Q

What is accumulation of pus in the uterus?

A

pyometra

100
Q

What clinically may happen to the “area prone to edema”

A

May become edematous and be in the way, extending the vulva

101
Q

What is the term for pregnancy not in the uterus(rare), often in abdominal cavity?

A

ectopic pregnancy

102
Q

What may be mistaken for the opening of the cervix during artificial insemination?

A

fornix of the vagina

103
Q

What are the two congenital constrictions both at the junction of the vagina and vestibule near the external urethral orifice?

A

persistent hymen

vaginal stenosis

104
Q

What are used in carnivores to evaluate the stage of estrous?

A

vaginal smears

105
Q

What cells predominate in a vaginal smear during estrus?

A

cornified cells

106
Q

Describe passing a pipette to AI a female dog.

A

pass speculum dorsally and then cranially over pelvic symphysis- navigating ventrocaudal slope

107
Q

How is the ovary moved into the abdominal incision during a spay?

A

strum suspensory ligament until it breaks

108
Q

Is there any problem with breakage of the ovarian aa. while strumming the suspensory ligament?

A

No, ligament cranial to ovaries and vessels are medial.

109
Q

What are the rhythmic changes that begin at puberty causing reversible and irreversible changes in the genital organs?

A

estrous cycle

110
Q

How long is gestation in the female dog?

A

approx 2 mos or 63 days

111
Q

How long is cat’s gestation?

A

approx. 2 mos

112
Q

What is the difference btwn estrus and estrous?

A

Estrus- when female will accept male, phase where female can get pregnant in cycle
Estrous- refers to entire cycle

113
Q

What is “flagging”?

A

female in estrus will stand still and hold tail to the side to allow mating

114
Q

What is the “tie”?

A

Lock between vulva and penis, after ejaculation, male dismounts and steps over female dog, facing in opposite directions while still attached

115
Q

What is a rule of thumb for breeding dogs?

A

“allow to breed when will, until won’t”

116
Q

Why is timing of breeding not as critical in cats as in dogs?

A

cats are induced ovulators

117
Q

What is palpated at 3-5 weeks to diagnose a pregnancy postbreeding?

A

vesicles holding the feti- 1 inch or 2.5 cm

118
Q

What is the preferred method to diagnose a live pregnancy? How accurate is it?

A

ultrasound 99%

119
Q

When can the fetal heart beat be seen with ultrasound?

A

28 days

120
Q

What type of placentation do carnivores have?

A

Zonary (endotheliochorial)

121
Q

How is the number of feti determined?

A

not with ultrasound-use radiography

122
Q

When can radiography confirm pregnancy?

A

bitches- 45 days

queens- 40 days

123
Q

What is a breech birth?

A

rear end first.

Anatomy (32 decks)

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