Q&A and Clinical Reproduction Flashcards
What is the bony entrance into the pelvis?
pelvic inlet
What is the caudal indentation btwn the ischiatic tuberositites?
ischiatic arch
What is the suspensory ligament in carnivores?
Part of mesovarium- connecting ovary to last 1 or 2 ribs
What is the caudal part of the uterus, joining the uterus to the vagina?
cervix
What is the orientation to the cervical canal?
diagonally -craniodorsal to caudoventral
What is the muscular layer of the uterine wall called?
myometrium
When is the cervix open?
during estrus and birth and short time there after
What is the vagina’s annular recess around the protruding cervix?
fornix of the vagina
Where is the clitoris located?
in ventral vestibule in ventral labial commissure in fossa
What is the area prone to edema of the female reproductive tract?
Area just cranial to external urethral opening
What is the perineum in the female?
Area surrounding anus and vulva, closing pelvic outlet
Name the three parts of the broad ligament.
Mesovarium- suspends ovary
Mesometrium- suspends uterus
Mesosalpinx- contains uterine tube
Name the small cavity around the ovary formed by the mesosalpinx.
ovarian bursa
What mesovarium structure attaches the ovary to the last 1 or 2 ribs in carnivores?
suspensory ligament
What is the vaginal process in the female dog?
round ligament in peritoneal evagination through inguinal canal. Indirect hernia > females
List the major parts of the male reproductive system.
scrotum, testicles, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, penis, accessory sex glands
What divides the scrotum into two compartments?
scrotal septum
Describe the cat’s scrotum, location, and conformation.
perineal, sessile(lacks a stalk, immobile), densely covered by hair
How are the epididymis and ductus deferens related to the testicle?
epididymis is lateral, ductus deferens is medial
What structure in the spermatic cord carries sperm into the abdomen and to the urethra?
ductus deferens
What is the relationship of the ductus deferens to the ureters?
Loops dorsally over the ureters
What is the relationship of the ductus deferens to the ureters?
Loops dorsally over the ureters
What structures are carried with the testicle as they descend?
peritoneum (becomes vaginal tunic) and fascia
When do the testicles descend in the carnivores?
shortly after birth
What major structures pass through the inguinal canal?
vaginal process - male: spermatic cord, female: round ligament
and external pudendal a. and v.
What is the superficial inguinal ring?
Slit in the aponeurosis of the EAO
What is the inguinal ligament?
caudal free edge in the aponeurosis of the EAO between junction of thigh and hip
Name the three main parts of the vaginal tunic.
parietal, visceral, connecting(mesorchium)
What is the potential space btwn the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics?
vaginal cavity
What serosa connects the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics?
mesorchium
The vaginal cavity is continuous with the ______ at the vaginal ring.
peritoneal cavity
Name the structure extending from the testicle to the inguinal canal.
spermatic cord
On what side of the spermatic cord is the ductus deferens?
medial
What white ligamentous structure leaves the female’s inguinal canal?
vaginal process containing round ligament of the uterus
What is the vaginal ring?
point of evagination of peritoneum through inguinal canal forming opening btwn peritoneal and vaginal cavities
What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog? cat?
dog-prostate gland
cat- bulbourethral and prostate glands
What cutaneous sheath surrounds the end of the quiescent penis?
prepuce
What are the three parts of the penis?
root
body
glans
What are the two erectile bodies of the penis?
corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum
What three parts of the penis consist of corpus spongiosum?
encircles whole length of urethra(1) forming glans of penis(2) and bulb of penis(3)
In what unique direction does the non-erect cat’s penis point?
caudoventrally (vs erect cranialventrally)
What is noteworthy of the cat’s glans penis?
spines
What are the terminal branches of the aorta?
2 external and 2 internal iliac, 1 median sacral aa.
What do the terminal branches supply roughly
ext. iliac-pelvic limb
int. iliac-pelvis
median sacral- tail
What are the terminal branches of the internal iliac a?
caudal gluteal and internal pudendal aa
What is the main branch of the internal pudendal a?
urogenital a.
female- vaginal a.
male- prostatic a.
What is the main branch of the vaginal a?
uterine a.
What is the blood supply of to the uterus and ovary in the carnivores?
ovary: ovarian a.
uterus: uterine a. and uterine branch of ovarian a.
Where do ovarian or testicular veins drain?
left branch -left renal vein (avoids crossing aorta)
right branch - caudal vena cava
What is the sympathetic innervation to the pelvis? parasympathetic?
symp- hypogastric nn.
parasymp- pelvic nn.
What is the nerve carrying tactile sensation from the glans penis?
dorsal nerve of the penis
What is an easy way to remember the ANS supply to the penis?
point and shoot
parasympathetic- erection
sympathetic- ejaculation
Are the internal genitalia of females normally seen on survey films?
no
When can the uterus be seen on survey films?
when gravid (pregnant)
When do the fetal skeletons start to ossify? dog/cat?
dog 41-45 days
cat 35-39 days
what is the easiest part of the penis to see radiographically?
ospenis dog
Can the internal male genitalia be seen easily on rads?
no
What male genitalia can be seen btwn the hind limbs on the VD view?
scrotum containing testicles
What is the normal location of the prostate gland?
in pelvic cavity
What three organs in the body can enlarge in normal day to day activity or with normal developmental activity?
stomach
uterus
urinary bladder
Where would you look for an enlarged ovary on rads?
caudal to kidneys or ventral abdomen
How is the # of feti determined on rads?
of skulls/ backbones
Which modality is best to determine # of feti?
rads
What can indicate prostatic enlargement?
dorsal displacement of rectum
Are cryptorchids routinely located with rads?
no too small, also water density
What is looked for if one pelvic fracture is seen radiographically?
2 or more-come in 3’s, maybe luxation of sacroiliac joint
How many castration incisions are usually made in the dog/cat?
dog- single prescrotal
cat- two scrotal
why isn’t the scrotum incised when doing a dog castration?
to minimize irritation and swelling avoiding complications
what is inflammation of the testicle?
orchitis
What is a pull type castration of a cat?
Cut scrotum, pull vaginal tunic covered testis away from the body until spermatic cord and vessels stretch thin and snap
What is a hernia?
peritoneal covered structure passing through a defect in wall
What are indirect inguinal hernias called in male dogs?
scrotal hernia
what is an indirect inguinal hernia?
passes down inguinal canal
what is a direct hernia?
explodes directly out of abdominal wall
what is the clinical significance of the vaginal ring?
if large predispose to indirect inguinal hernias
What is failure to the testicle to enter the scrotum?
cryptorchidism
When do the testicles descend in carnivores?
shortly after birth
Why should a cryptorchid be found and removed?
more likely to become neoplastic
Define and open and closed castration?
open: vaginal tunic is is cut before spermatic cord is ligated
closed: spermatic cord is ligated before vaginal tunic is cut
What type of castration would you perform if the environment was NOT sterile and why?
open, allowing infection to drain from abdomen if infection occurs
How are dog castration performed?
single prescrotal incision, open or closed methods
List some signs of prostatitis.
ribbon feces
constipation
preputial discharge
pain on rectal palpation
How do you judge if the prostate is of normal size by rectal palpation.
size of barbie’s butt
What is phimosis?
Stricture of prepuce prevents PROTRUSION of penis
What is paraphimosis?
stricture of prepuce prevents RETRACTION of the penis
What do you think when you see prepucial discharge?
usually normal
What can obstruct the urethra in several species?
urethral calculi
Where do calculi usually lodge in the dog?
proximal to ospenis
Why is FUS an emergency?
urine must escape or be removed or death
What is FUS?
Feline urological/urinary syndrome
What do u try first in an FUS if cat in good condition?
Extrude penis and massage distal end to try to dislodge plug
If immediate unblocking of a FUS tom is not possible and the cat is in poor shape, what should u do?
cystocentesis
What must be ligated when doing an ovariohysterectomy?
uterine and ovarian aa.
How is the ovary brought into the abdominal incision during a spay?
strum suspensory ligament until it breaks
What is a cesarean section?
removal of fetus through abdominal and uterine walls (nonvascular dorsal or ventral midline incision)
What is dystocia?
difficult birth
what is the turning inside out of the uterus and vagina and their projection through the vulva?
uterine prolapse
what is inflammation of all layers of the uterus?
metritis
What is accumulation of pus in the uterus?
pyometra
What clinically may happen to the “area prone to edema”
May become edematous and be in the way, extending the vulva
What is the term for pregnancy not in the uterus(rare), often in abdominal cavity?
ectopic pregnancy
What may be mistaken for the opening of the cervix during artificial insemination?
fornix of the vagina
What are the two congenital constrictions both at the junction of the vagina and vestibule near the external urethral orifice?
persistent hymen
vaginal stenosis
What are used in carnivores to evaluate the stage of estrous?
vaginal smears
What cells predominate in a vaginal smear during estrus?
cornified cells
Describe passing a pipette to AI a female dog.
pass speculum dorsally and then cranially over pelvic symphysis- navigating ventrocaudal slope
How is the ovary moved into the abdominal incision during a spay?
strum suspensory ligament until it breaks
Is there any problem with breakage of the ovarian aa. while strumming the suspensory ligament?
No, ligament cranial to ovaries and vessels are medial.
What are the rhythmic changes that begin at puberty causing reversible and irreversible changes in the genital organs?
estrous cycle
How long is gestation in the female dog?
approx 2 mos or 63 days
How long is cat’s gestation?
approx. 2 mos
What is the difference btwn estrus and estrous?
Estrus- when female will accept male, phase where female can get pregnant in cycle
Estrous- refers to entire cycle
What is “flagging”?
female in estrus will stand still and hold tail to the side to allow mating
What is the “tie”?
Lock between vulva and penis, after ejaculation, male dismounts and steps over female dog, facing in opposite directions while still attached
What is a rule of thumb for breeding dogs?
“allow to breed when will, until won’t”
Why is timing of breeding not as critical in cats as in dogs?
cats are induced ovulators
What is palpated at 3-5 weeks to diagnose a pregnancy postbreeding?
vesicles holding the feti- 1 inch or 2.5 cm
What is the preferred method to diagnose a live pregnancy? How accurate is it?
ultrasound 99%
When can the fetal heart beat be seen with ultrasound?
28 days
What type of placentation do carnivores have?
Zonary (endotheliochorial)
How is the number of feti determined?
not with ultrasound-use radiography
When can radiography confirm pregnancy?
bitches- 45 days
queens- 40 days
What is a breech birth?
rear end first.
