PVD 1

Question 1

Localized abnormal dilatations of blood vessels due to vessel weakness; may occur in cardiac chamber; defined as at least a 50% increase in diameter of a vessel

Answer 1

Aneurysm

Question 2

Aneurysm that is bounded by complete but dilated vessel wall components is considered a (true/false) aneurysm; atherosclerotic, syphilitic, congenital

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Aneurysm that involves an extravascular hematoma that communicates with the intravascular space is considered a (true/false) aneurysm; pulsating hematoma

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A fusiform aneurysm is shaped like a…

Answer 4

oval parallel to the long axis

Question 5

A saccular aneurysm is shaped like a…

Answer 5

bubble-like outpouching

Question 6

A dissecting aneurysm is

Answer 6

blood passing through a tear in the intima into the tunica media (separates the vessel wall layers)

Question 7

An aneurysm associated with syphilis is usually located in the.

Answer 7

ascending aorta

Question 8

An aneurysm associated with cystic media degeneration is usually located in the

Answer 8

ascending/thoracic aorta

Question 9

An aneurysm associated with atherosclerosis is usually located in the

Answer 9

abdominal aorta
muscular arteries (coronary, popliteal)

Question 10

Difference between Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm (in regards to inflammation)

Answer 10

Atherosclerosis: inflammation on intima
Aneurysm: inflammation on adventitia

Question 11

AAA is always associated with severe

Answer 11

atherosclerosis and mural thrombosis

Question 12

Aneurysm caused by bacterial infection

Answer 12

mycotic aneurysm

Question 13

Type of AAA with dense periaortic (around aorta) fibrosis and inflammation caused by lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.

Answer 13

Inflammatory aneurysms

Question 14

Autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder with fibrillin-1 defect; fragmented elastic fibers in aortic media and valves; high incidence of valve regurgitation, vessel dissection and rupture; tall, slender, thin extremities, long fingers, kyphosis

Answer 14

Marfan syndrome

Question 15

Congenital syndrome with type III procollagen defect; arteries are as fragile as tissue paper

Answer 15

Type IV Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Question 16

Atherosclerotic plaques commonly occur at…

Answer 16

bifurcations (like carotid artery)

Question 17

Blood passing from the aortic lumen through a tear in the intima into the tunica medica then propagates in a FALSE LUMEN

Answer 17

Aortic dissection

Question 18

Two groups predisposed to aortic dissection

Answer 18

1. Men, 40-60 years old, History of HTN

2. Connective Tissue Disorders (Marfan syndrome)

Question 19

Most frequent preexisting lesion in those with aortic dissection is

Answer 19

cystic medial degeneration

*CMD (cystic spaces within tunica media with loss of SMC and elastin, instead filled with ECM); common in Marfan syndrome

Question 20

What is the major risk factor of Aortic Dissection?

Answer 20

HTN

Question 21

Aortic dissection in ascending (proximal) aorta is categorized as (type A or B)

Answer 21

Type A

Question 22

Aortic dissection in descending (distal) aorta is categorized as (type A or B)

Answer 22

Type B

Question 23

Which type of aortic dissection is more common and dangerous thus needs early, urgent surgical management? (Type A or B)

Answer 23

Type A (can affect coronary arteries and valves)

Question 24

Arterial thrombosis are most commonly occurs on_____ while venous thrombosis are most commonly due to

Answer 24

atheromas/plaque; stasis (stoppage of blood flow)

Question 25

Virchow's Triad for predisposition to thrombosis

Answer 25

1. Changes in blood components 2. Endothelial dysfunction 3. Changes in blood flow (stasis)

Question 26

Common sites for arterial thrombosis

Answer 26

1. Large/medium muscular arteries (aorta, carotid, coronary) | 2. Intracardiac

Question 27

defined as the passage through the arterial or venous circulation of any material capable of lodging in a vessel and obstructing the lumen (air, amniotic fluid, thrombus)

Answer 27

Embolism

Question 28

Venous thrombosis are typically located in

Answer 28

Deep veins (legs, pelvic)

Question 29

Symptoms of DVT

Answer 29

1. Frequently asymptomatic 2. Calf tenderness (associated Homan sign) 3. Congestion, edema, cyanosis

Question 30

Source of arterial emboli are usually

Answer 30

cardiac mural thrombus

Question 31

Most frequent thromboemboli

Answer 31

PE

Question 32

Most common source of PE

Answer 32

DVT

Question 33

Massive PE is associated with acute failure in

Answer 33

right heart

Question 34

arterial thrombosis is rich in what?

Answer 34

platelets * treat arterial thrombosis with anti-platelet

Question 35

venous thrombosis is rich in what?

Answer 35

fibrin * treat venous thrombosis with anticoagulant

Question 36

Aortic dissection may reenter aortic lumen forming

Answer 36

double barreled aorta

Question 37

The main cause of death for aortic dissection is

Answer 37

extravascular rupture

Question 38

What is a characteristic of thrombi that appear more when formed in arteries than veins?

Answer 38

Lines of Zahn

Question 39

Dark bands in lines of zahn indicate

Answer 39

RBCs

Question 40

Light bands in lines of zahn indicate

Answer 40

fibrin and platelets

Question 41

When coagulation occur on the injured site, it is called

Answer 41

thrombus

Question 42

When thrombus gets dislodge somewhere else, it is called

Answer 42

embolus

Question 43

AAA has ____morphologic dilatation

Answer 43

fusiform