Non-Atherosclerotic PVD Flashcards
Layers of normal blood vessel (from outside in)
Tunica adventitia (CT) Tunica media (SM) Tunica intima (endothelium)
Non-inflammatory vascular disease; dilated tortuous superficial veins (saphenous); older females, standing and obesity are risk factors; venous wall weakness, inc. pressure and bad valves; can lead to aching and skin ulcers
Varicose veins
pathogenesis of varicose veins
weakened venous walls
inc. pressure
bad valves
superficial vein that drains the lower limb; located on the medial thigh; can be used for CABG
saphenous vein
Non-inflammatory vascular disease; arterial vasospasm in extremities (can be nose/ears); can be caused by cold or intense emotions; more common in men; pale–>blue–>red extremities; cold, paresthesia, pain
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
etiologies for raynaud’s phenomenon
cold/emotions
Raynaud’s phenomenon can be part of what disease
connective tissue disease (SLE, scleroderma, etc.)
Treatment for raynaud’s phenomenon
Ca++ channel blockers
a blockers
vasodilators
skin sensation (burning, prickling, itching, tingling) with no apparent physical cause
paresthesia
plural form of the term vasculitis
vasculitides
Common pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases
Inflammation of the vessel causing stenosis (narrow lumen)–> can lead to thrombosis, ischemia and infarct
decreased/inadequate blood supply
ischemia
necrosis secondary to decreased blood supply
infarct
inflammatory vascular disease; elderly females; granulomas in med/large arteries; branches of carotid/temporal arteries; unilateral throbbing temporal headaches; self limiting (1-5 years)
Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
Other name for temporal arteritis
giant cell arteritis
“giant cell” refers to what?
fused macrophages in temporal arteritis
50% of temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) also have…
polymyalgia rheumatica (inflamed muscles)
Diagnosis of temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
Inc. erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Inc. C reactive protein
Biopsy
Imaging
Treatment for temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
corticosteroids (inflammation)
inflammatory vascular disease; more common in middle age males; type 3 immune response (preformed antigen-antibody complexes); fibrinoid necrosis followed by thrombosis/infarct; affects med/small arteries (except lung)
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
Constitutional symptoms in polyarteritis nodosa are mostly caused by…
inflammatory cytokines (nonspecific, diffuse symptoms)
In polyarteritis nodosa, the antigen is ________________ 30% of the time
Hep B
In polyarteritis nodosa, med/small arteries are effected everywhere except the ________
lung
Treatment for polyarteritis nodosa
corticosteroids
amorphous pink material in a necrotic vessel wall; composed of plasma proteins (fibrin); seen in polyarteritis nodosa
fibrinoid necrosis
inflammatory vascular disease; children; possibly due to infection (activation of immune system); small/med arteries (coronary); lymphadenopathy, fever, rash, cherry red tongue/lips, mucosal lesions, aneurysms; self limiting
Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
Another name for kawasaki disease
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
Which inflammatory vascular disease(s) can involve aneurysms
Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) (70%) Takayasu Arteritis (Aortic Arch syndrome)
Which inflammatory vascular disease(s) are self-limiting?
Temporal Arteritis
Kawasaki Disease
dilated area of a vessel; can be seen in kawasaki disease and takayasu’s disease
aneurysm
Treatment for kawasaki disease
IV immunoglobulins
Aspirin
Inflammatory vascular disease; females <40yo; granulomatous inflammation in med/large arteries (aorta/branches/retina); stenosis in main arteries can cause dec. pulses
Takayasu Arteritis (Aortic Arch syndrome; Pulseless disease)
Other names for Takayasu arteritis
Aortic Arch syndrome
Pulseless disease
Treatment for Takayasu Arteritis (Aortic Arch syndrome)
Corticosteroids
inflammatory vascular disease; <40yo; associated with smoking; small/med arteries in DISTAL limbs; intermittent claudication, possible ulcers/gangrene
Buergers Disease (Thomboangiitis obliterans)
Other name for Buergers Disease
Thomboangiitis obliterans
“obliterans” meaning
near/full occlusion of lumen
pain in an area caused by decreased blood flow
claudication
Treatment for Buergers Disease (Thomboangiitis obliterans)
Stop smoking
cardiovascular neoplasm; benign; more in females; proliferation of endothelium creating more vascular channels; occur on skin, mucous membranes and internal organs; confused for birthmarks
Hemangioma
cardiovascular neoplasm; malignant; HHV8 and AIDS; unregulated growth of infected endothelial cells; occur on skin, mucous membranes; red-purple-brown lesions; spindle cells (malignant endothelial cells)
Kaposi’s sarcoma
flat lesion
macule
raised lesion
nodule
most common cardiovascular neoplasm; benign; from primitive CT; typically in atria (more-so left); pedunculated; composed of ECM and tumor cells; symptoms from obstruction of blood flow
Cardiac myxoma
most common primary cardiovascular neoplasm
Cardiac Myxoma
an elongated stalk of tissue
pedunculated