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Cardiology-Exam 2 > Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic disorder associated with coarctation of the aorta

A

Turner Syndrome

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2
Q

Genetic disorder associated with aortic insufficiency and dissection

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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3
Q

Genetic disorder associated with septal and endocardial cushion defects

A

Down syndrome

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4
Q

Genetic disorder associated with truncus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallot

A

22q11

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5
Q

Cardiac structure/defect that allows for alteration in normal blood flow; typically beneficial for fetuses, but can be detrimental in babies/adults

A

Shunts

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6
Q

Two general categories for congenital heart defects

A

Cyanotic vs. Acyanotic

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7
Q

Acyanotic congenital heart defects usually involve blood flowing in what direction (left vs. right)

A

Left to right (goes with pressure gradients)

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8
Q

Cyanotic congenital heart defects usually involve blood flowing in what direction (left vs. right)

A

Right to left (deoxygenated blood bypasses lungs)

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9
Q

Acyanotic Congential Heart Defects (6 total)

A 
Atrial/Ventricular Septal defect
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Pulmonic Stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta
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10
Q

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects (5 T’s)

A 
Truncus Arteriosus
Transposition of great vessels
Tricuspid Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
TAPVR (Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return)
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11
Q

Defect that allows blood flow between left to right atria

A

Atrial septal defect (acyanotic)

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12
Q

Most common atrial septal defect

A

Ostium Secundum

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13
Q

Atrial Septal Defect can cause a volume overload in what heart chamber?

A

Right Ventricle (leads to enlargement and dec. compliance over time)

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14
Q

Symptoms of ASD and VSD

A

Dyspnea
Fatigue
Recurrent resp. infections (pulmonary overcirculation)
Atrial tachyarrhythmias (enlarged RA)

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15
Q

Murmur in ASD is due to…

A

increased volume load

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16
Q

Defect that allows blood flow between left to right ventricles

A

Ventricular septal defect (acyanotic)

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17
Q

Most ventricular septal defects are (membranous/muscular)

A

Membranous (70%)

18
Q

Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive defects

A

Restrictive: defect size determines flow rate
Nonrestrictive: pressure gradients determine flow rate

19
Q

Persistent connection between the great vessels (flow from ascending aorta to pulmonary artery); can lead to LV dysfunction due to volume overload

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (acyanotic)

20
Q

How can Patent Ductus Arteriosus eventually lead to LV dysfunction

A

Left-sided volume overload

21
Q

Symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

CHF
Recurrent resp. infections
Enlarged cardiac silhouette (Left-sided enlargement)

22
Q

Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor for Persistent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Indomethacin

23
Q

Treatment options for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor; FIRST LINE)

Cath/surgical closure

24
Q

Uncorrected septal defects or PDA can cause pulmonary vascular hypertrophy due to pulmonary overload; increased pulmonary afterload can cause shunt reversal; can cause cyanosis, clubbing and polycythemia (but NOT acyanotic lesion)

A

Eisenmenger’s Syndrome

25
Q

Narrowed aortic valve orifice; requires lots of LV systolic pressure to pump blood;
severe cases cause LVH; high velocity jet may impact proximal aorta and causes dilation of proximal aorta

A

Aortic Stenosis (acyanotic)

26
Q

Narrowed pulmonic valve orifice; requires lots of RV systolic pressure to pump blood; severe cases can cause RVH; valve fusion can cause obstruction

A

Pulmonic Stenosis (acyanotic)

27
Q

Discrete narrowing of aortic lumen; can be due to dec. flow from aortic stenosis or residual ductal tissue; may have discrepancy between upper and lower extremities

A

Coarctation

28
Q

Which congenital heart disease can result in discrepancy between upper and lower extremities

A

Coarctation (reduced flow to descending aorta)

29
Q

Failure of division of aorta and pulmonary trunk; most have accompanying VSD; mixing of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus (cyanotic)

30
Q

failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral; great vessels arise from wrong ventricles; aorta leaves RV and pulmonary trunk leaves LV; 2 parallel circuits

A

Transposition of Great Arteries (cyanotic)

31
Q

Most common cause of neonatal cyanosis

A

Transposition of Great Arteries

32
Q

Why might a shunt help those with Transposition of Great Arteries?

A

Shunt allows mixing of blood, allowing adequate systemic oxygenation

33
Q

Absent tricuspid valve and hypoplastic RV; requires BOTH ASD and VSD for viability because RA is completely closed off from the RV

A

Tricuspid atresia

34
Q

most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease VSD, Pulmonic stenosis, RVH and overriding aorta

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (cyanotic)

35
Q

Why does Tetralogy of Fallot cause right to left ventricular flow?

A

Pulmonic stenosis causes resistance to RVOT flow leading to RVH and increase in RV systolic pressure. This leads to R to L shunt causing cyanosis.

36
Q

Why might exertion (feeding & crying) cause a “Tet Spell” in those with Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Feeding and crying cause higher contractile force which leads to increase in RV pressure. This worsens right to left shunting, bypassing lungs and worsening cyanosis.

37
Q

Pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation; sometimes associated with ASD to maintain CO

A

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) (cyanotic)

38
Q

Congenital heart defects are usually well tolerated at birth (True or False)

A

True (change in left-sided pressures after birth brings out true colors)

39
Q

Disorder associated with septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis

A

Congential rubella

40
Q

Disorder associated with transposition of great vessels

A

infant of diabetic mother

41
Q

What 4 congenital abnormalities make up tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD
Pulmonic stenosis
RVH
Overriding aorta

42
Q

What is a tet spell?

A

episodes of sudden cyanosis during exertion (crying & feeding)

Cardiology-Exam 2 (23 decks)

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