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Cardiology-Exam 2 > Cardio-MAP > Flashcards

Cardio-MAP Flashcards

1
Q

Peak pressure in the large arteries during systole

A

Systolic pressure

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2
Q

Lowest pressure in the large arteries during diastole

A

Diastolic pressure

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3
Q

Equation for MAP

A

(1/2 x Systolic) + (2/3 x Diastolic)

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4
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

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5
Q

Why is diastolic pressure counted twice as much in calculating MAP than systolic pressure?

A

When spend twice as much time in diastole than we do in systole

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6
Q

Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

A

Pulse pressure

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7
Q

Why is there sparse innervation of vasculature in the brain, coronary and pulmonic systems?

A

Perfusion must be preserved (unlike GI and skin, when some can be sacrificed)

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8
Q

vasoconstrictor made by kidney

A

Angiotensin II

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9
Q

vasoconstrictor made by posterior pituitary

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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10
Q

pressure sensors in bloodstream

A

Baroreceptors

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11
Q

Location of arterial baroreceptors

A

Left and right carotid sinuses

Aortic arch

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12
Q

Which nerve sends impulses from the aortic arch baroreceptors to CNS?

A

Vagus

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13
Q

Which nerve sends impulses from the carotid sinuses baroreceptors to the CNS?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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14
Q

And increase in pressure causes an (increase/decrease) in firing rate from a baroreceptor

A

Increase (dec. sympathetic and inc. parasympathetic tone)

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15
Q

“Central control center” for blood pressure

A

Medullary nuclei

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16
Q

The parasympathetic efferent pathway affects (only nodes/only heart muscle/both)

A

only nodes (SA and AV nodes)

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17
Q

How does standing up decrease blood pressure?

A

Dec. atrial pressure—> dec. ventricular end-diastolic volume—> dec. stroke volume—> dec. MAP

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18
Q

What can stimulate the release of renin from the kidney?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

At any given time during rest, only _______ of the capillaries have flow

A

1/3

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20
Q

If you double the radius of any vessel, you decrease the the resistance to…

A

1/16

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21
Q

Type of capillaries that have a continuous lining; connected by tight junctions; small gaps for fluid passage; most common; abundant in skin, muscles and CNS

A

Continuous capillaries

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22
Q

Type of capillaries that have holes; basement membrane is continuous; more permeability; found in small intestine, endocrine glands and kidneys

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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23
Q

Pressure that pulls fluid into a capillary; contributed by macromolecules like plasma proteins (albumin)

A

Colloid/oncotic pressure

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24
Q

Pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel

A

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure

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25
Hydrostatic pressure is higher on the (arteriole/venule) end of the capillary
Arteriole
26
Capillary (hydrostatic/oncotic) pressure changes across the capillary
Hydrostatic (fluid loss decreases pressure)
27
Typical capillary oncotic pressure
25 mmHg
28
Typically in capillaries, the arteriole end (filters/absorbs) while the venule end (filters/absorbs)
Filters; absorbs
29
Capillary filtration rate is dependent on...
Permeability Surface area Differences of pressures in capillary and interstitium
30
The hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in the interstitium are typically...
negligible (in a healthy state)
31
Main determinant of hydrostatic pressure
Arteriole vasoconstriction (increased vasoconstriction---> decreased pressure by the time it reaches the capillary---> less filtration)
32
How does arteriole vasoconstriction affect capillary filtration?
increased vasoconstriction---> decreased pressure by the time it reaches the capillary---> less filtration
33
Typically, filtration and absorption in the capillary are...
Equal (lymphatic system can handle it)
34
How does hemorrhage contribute to shock symptoms?
Dec. stroke volume due to dec. preload (blood loss)
35
MAP refers to (arterial/venous/both) pressure(s)
only arterial
36
Set point for MAP
90-100 mmHg
37
How does carotid sinus massage help treat SVT
Increase firing rate--> decrease sympathetic signaling to heart--> helps alleviate tachycardias
38
What does the cardiovascular system do to compensate when you stand up?
Inc. HR and SVR (maintain preload in opposition to gravity)
39
How to take an orthostatic vital sign
``` Measure BP and HR lying down Ask patient to stand WAIT 1 MINUTE Measure BP and HR If systolic BP dec. >20 mmHg or diastolic >10 mmHg it is positive ```
40
Most common causes of orthostatic (postural) hypotension
Hypovolemia | Autonomic dysfunction
41
Systolic BP dec. of >20 mmHg or diastolic BP dec. of >10 mmHg from sitting to standing
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
42
Class of cardiac drug that can cause orthostatic hypotension
a1 antagonists (Prazosin)
43
What hormones/chemicals are increases by baroreflex induced SNS activation
NE/EPI Angiotensin II Vasopressin
44
Giving a patient a dose of albumin will have what effects on his capillary bed activity?
Inc. plasma oncotic pressure, inducing increased absorption
45
How can hepatic failure complicate edema?
The liver is a major protein factory, so if one loses hepatic function, oncotic pressure decreases (and thus, decreases reabsorption)
46
Most important factor in capillary exchange (hydrostatic or oncotic)
Hydrostatic
47
occurs when the volume of filtration exceeds the capacity of the lymphatic system
Edema
48
Normal JVP
<9 cm H20 above the right atrium
49
How does dehydration affect capillary activity?
Increased concentration of plasma increases oncotic pressure, favoring absorption
50
pathophysiologic state characterized by significant reduction of systemic perfusion, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery
Shock
51
Type of shock associated with blood loss or dehydration, resulting in dec. preload and stroke volume; compensatory responses are tachycardia and inc. SVR; treat with saline and blood transfusion
Hypovolemic shock
52
Compensatory responses in hypovolemic shock
Tachycardia | Inc. SVR
53
Treatment for hypovolemic shock
``` IV saline Blood transfusion (if hemorrhage) ```
54
Type of shock associated with insufficient cardiac output; usually very low SV due to poor contractility (HF, STEMI, brady/tachycardia); compensatory responses are inc. preload, tachycardia and inc. SVR; treat with inotropes, diurese and reduce afterload
Cardiogenic shock
55
Compensatory response to cardiogenic shock
Inc. preload (fluid retention) Tachycardia Inc. SVR
56
Treatment for cardiogenic shock
Inc. contractility (inotropes) Diurese excess fluid Reduce afterload (ACEi)
57
Type of shock associated with vasodilation due to sepsis, anaphylaxis or neurogenic sources; compensatory response is tachycardia; treat with fluid and vasopressors
Distributive shock
58
Cardiogenic shock is typically associated with (cold/warm) extremities
Cold extremities (inc. SVR to shunt blood to core)
59
Distributive shock is typically associated with (cold/warm) extremities
Warm extremities (dec. SVR due to pathology)
60
How does sepsis effect the vasculature
Vasodilation (inflammatory mediators) and vascular leak
61
Class of cardiac drugs to treat cardiogenic shock (a1/a2/b1/b2)
b1 agonists (dobutamine) (also, dobutamine is a b2 agonist as well, so will vasodilate and decrease afterload)
62
Class of cardiac drugs to treat distributive shock (a1/a2/b1/b2)
a1 agonists

Cardiology-Exam 2 (23 decks)

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