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Cardiology-Exam 2 > Cardio-MAP > Flashcards

Cardio-MAP Flashcards

1
Q

Peak pressure in the large arteries during systole

A

Systolic pressure

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2
Q

Lowest pressure in the large arteries during diastole

A

Diastolic pressure

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3
Q

Equation for MAP

A

(1/2 x Systolic) + (2/3 x Diastolic)

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4
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

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5
Q

Why is diastolic pressure counted twice as much in calculating MAP than systolic pressure?

A

When spend twice as much time in diastole than we do in systole

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6
Q

Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

A

Pulse pressure

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7
Q

Why is there sparse innervation of vasculature in the brain, coronary and pulmonic systems?

A

Perfusion must be preserved (unlike GI and skin, when some can be sacrificed)

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8
Q

vasoconstrictor made by kidney

A

Angiotensin II

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9
Q

vasoconstrictor made by posterior pituitary

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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10
Q

pressure sensors in bloodstream

A

Baroreceptors

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11
Q

Location of arterial baroreceptors

A

Left and right carotid sinuses

Aortic arch

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12
Q

Which nerve sends impulses from the aortic arch baroreceptors to CNS?

A

Vagus

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13
Q

Which nerve sends impulses from the carotid sinuses baroreceptors to the CNS?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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14
Q

And increase in pressure causes an (increase/decrease) in firing rate from a baroreceptor

A

Increase (dec. sympathetic and inc. parasympathetic tone)

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15
Q

“Central control center” for blood pressure

A

Medullary nuclei

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16
Q

The parasympathetic efferent pathway affects (only nodes/only heart muscle/both)

A

only nodes (SA and AV nodes)

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17
Q

How does standing up decrease blood pressure?

A

Dec. atrial pressure—> dec. ventricular end-diastolic volume—> dec. stroke volume—> dec. MAP

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18
Q

What can stimulate the release of renin from the kidney?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

At any given time during rest, only _______ of the capillaries have flow

A

1/3

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20
Q

If you double the radius of any vessel, you decrease the the resistance to…

A

1/16

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21
Q

Type of capillaries that have a continuous lining; connected by tight junctions; small gaps for fluid passage; most common; abundant in skin, muscles and CNS

A

Continuous capillaries

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22
Q

Type of capillaries that have holes; basement membrane is continuous; more permeability; found in small intestine, endocrine glands and kidneys

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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23
Q

Pressure that pulls fluid into a capillary; contributed by macromolecules like plasma proteins (albumin)

A

Colloid/oncotic pressure

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24
Q

Pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel

A

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure

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25
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is higher on the (arteriole/venule) end of the capillary

A

Arteriole

26
Q

Capillary (hydrostatic/oncotic) pressure changes across the capillary

A

Hydrostatic (fluid loss decreases pressure)

27
Q

Typical capillary oncotic pressure

A

25 mmHg

28
Q

Typically in capillaries, the arteriole end (filters/absorbs) while the venule end (filters/absorbs)

A

Filters; absorbs

29
Q

Capillary filtration rate is dependent on…

A

Permeability
Surface area
Differences of pressures in capillary and interstitium

30
Q

The hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in the interstitium are typically…

A

negligible (in a healthy state)

31
Q

Main determinant of hydrostatic pressure

A

Arteriole vasoconstriction (increased vasoconstriction—> decreased pressure by the time it reaches the capillary—> less filtration)

32
Q

How does arteriole vasoconstriction affect capillary filtration?

A

increased vasoconstriction—> decreased pressure by the time it reaches the capillary—> less filtration

33
Q

Typically, filtration and absorption in the capillary are…

A

Equal (lymphatic system can handle it)

34
Q

How does hemorrhage contribute to shock symptoms?

A

Dec. stroke volume due to dec. preload (blood loss)

35
Q

MAP refers to (arterial/venous/both) pressure(s)

A

only arterial

36
Q

Set point for MAP

A

90-100 mmHg

37
Q

How does carotid sinus massage help treat SVT

A

Increase firing rate–> decrease sympathetic signaling to heart–> helps alleviate tachycardias

38
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do to compensate when you stand up?

A

Inc. HR and SVR (maintain preload in opposition to gravity)

39
Q

How to take an orthostatic vital sign

A 
Measure BP and HR lying down
Ask patient to stand
WAIT 1 MINUTE
Measure BP and HR
If systolic BP dec. >20 mmHg or diastolic >10 mmHg it is positive
40
Q

Most common causes of orthostatic (postural) hypotension

A

Hypovolemia

Autonomic dysfunction

41
Q

Systolic BP dec. of >20 mmHg or diastolic BP dec. of >10 mmHg from sitting to standing

A

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

42
Q

Class of cardiac drug that can cause orthostatic hypotension

A

a1 antagonists (Prazosin)

43
Q

What hormones/chemicals are increases by baroreflex induced SNS activation

A

NE/EPI
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin

44
Q

Giving a patient a dose of albumin will have what effects on his capillary bed activity?

A

Inc. plasma oncotic pressure, inducing increased absorption

45
Q

How can hepatic failure complicate edema?

A

The liver is a major protein factory, so if one loses hepatic function, oncotic pressure decreases (and thus, decreases reabsorption)

46
Q

Most important factor in capillary exchange (hydrostatic or oncotic)

A

Hydrostatic

47
Q

occurs when the volume of filtration exceeds the capacity of the lymphatic system

A

Edema

48
Q

Normal JVP

A

<9 cm H20 above the right atrium

49
Q

How does dehydration affect capillary activity?

A

Increased concentration of plasma increases oncotic pressure, favoring absorption

50
Q

pathophysiologic state characterized by significant reduction of systemic perfusion, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery

A

Shock

51
Q

Type of shock associated with blood loss or dehydration, resulting in dec. preload and stroke volume; compensatory responses are tachycardia and inc. SVR; treat with saline and blood transfusion

A

Hypovolemic shock

52
Q

Compensatory responses in hypovolemic shock

A

Tachycardia

Inc. SVR

53
Q

Treatment for hypovolemic shock

A 
IV saline
Blood transfusion (if hemorrhage)
54
Q

Type of shock associated with insufficient cardiac output; usually very low SV due to poor contractility (HF, STEMI, brady/tachycardia); compensatory responses are inc. preload, tachycardia and inc. SVR; treat with inotropes, diurese and reduce afterload

A

Cardiogenic shock

55
Q

Compensatory response to cardiogenic shock

A

Inc. preload (fluid retention)
Tachycardia
Inc. SVR

56
Q

Treatment for cardiogenic shock

A

Inc. contractility (inotropes)
Diurese excess fluid
Reduce afterload (ACEi)

57
Q

Type of shock associated with vasodilation due to sepsis, anaphylaxis or neurogenic sources; compensatory response is tachycardia; treat with fluid and vasopressors

A

Distributive shock

58
Q

Cardiogenic shock is typically associated with (cold/warm) extremities

A

Cold extremities (inc. SVR to shunt blood to core)

59
Q

Distributive shock is typically associated with (cold/warm) extremities

A

Warm extremities (dec. SVR due to pathology)

60
Q

How does sepsis effect the vasculature

A

Vasodilation (inflammatory mediators) and vascular leak

61
Q

Class of cardiac drugs to treat cardiogenic shock (a1/a2/b1/b2)

A

b1 agonists (dobutamine) (also, dobutamine is a b2 agonist as well, so will vasodilate and decrease afterload)

62
Q

Class of cardiac drugs to treat distributive shock (a1/a2/b1/b2)

A

a1 agonists

Cardiology-Exam 2 (23 decks)

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