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Cardiology-Exam 2 > Microbio Infections > Flashcards

Microbio Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Specific Staphylococci species to know for this block

A
  1. S. aureus

2. S. Epidermidis

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2
Q

Specific Streptococci species to know for this block

A

S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae
S. pneumoniae
S. viridans

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3
Q

Specific Enterococci species to know for this block

A
  1. E faecalis

2. E. faecium

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4
Q

(Staphylococcus/Streptococcus) produce catalase

A

Staphylococcus (degrade hydrogen peroxide)

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5
Q

gram-positive bacteria; high virulence; can affect normal valves; causes abscesses, fever and ACUTE toxic shock syndrome; most common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia and infections

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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6
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is distinguishable from other staphs by…

A 
coagulase production (promotes clot formation)
Ferments mannitol
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7
Q

Some S. aureus (MRSA) are resistant to penicillins due to what mechanisms

A

B-lactamase

changes in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)

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8
Q

The main site of colonization for S. aureus is the…

A

nose, skin

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9
Q

The main site of colonization for S. epidermidis and pyogenes is the…

A

skin

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10
Q

B-hemolytic streptococcus & a-hemolytic streptococcus

A

B: Group A: S. pyogenes; Group B: S. agalactiae

a: S. pneumoniae; Viridans strep

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11
Q

common streptococcus found in the oral cavity; includes over 20 species

A

viridans streptococci

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12
Q

Morphology of S. pneumoniae

A

lancet shaped (often in pairs) with polysaccharide capsule

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13
Q

Group A streptococcus; leading cause of pharyngitis (strep throat), cellulitis, impetigo and toxic shock syndrome; can result in glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever and endocarditis

A

S. pyogenes

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14
Q

What is the condition/disease that occurs 2-3 weeks after untreated or inadequately treated strep throat?

A

Acute rheumatic fever

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15
Q

rheumatic fever commonly affects what valves

A

mitral and aortic valves

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16
Q

What antibody titer is used to diagnose rheumatic fever?

A

Anti-streptolysin O antibody

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17
Q

Virulence factors for S. pyogenes

A 
Destructive enzymes
Exotoxins (streptolysins O & S)
Hyaluronic acid (anti-phagocytic)
M Protein (anti-phagocytic: binds Ab and complement)
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18
Q

Rheumatic fever is thought to be due to molecular mimicry of what Streptococcal protein?

A

M-protein

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19
Q

Sequence of events for infective endocarditis

A

Strep infection –> Rheumatic fever –> Damage (due to inflammation) –> Endocarditis

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of infective endocarditis

A
  1. Colonization (skin, oral cavity, GI tract)
  2. Bacteremia (enter the bloodstream)
  3. Adhesion (uses fibrin, collagen, elastin of cell wall)
  4. Immune avoidance (resist complement/Ab opsonization, express exotoxins)
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21
Q

Gram positive cocci bacteria; alpha-hemolytic; low virulence; require previously damaged heart valves; causes subacute bacterial endocarditis with slow progression

A

Strep. viridans

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22
Q

(Gram positive or negative) Two membranes, with thin peptidoglycan with NAG and NAM in-between; has outer LPS

A

Gram negative

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23
Q

(Gram positive or negative) One membrane with thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

A

Gram positive

24
Q

organelles of adherence, located on outer surface; contain polymers of pilin with specialized adhesins at the tip; expressed by both gram-negative and positive pathogens; examples are E. coli, N. gonorrhoeae and GAS

A

Pili or fimbriae

25
"Wreck and Check" studies
help confirm the importance of microbial virulence factors; generate mutants in lab that lack certain structures, and if they die compared to wild-types, it was an important structure
26
Protein on staphylococci; allows pathogens to avoid antibody-mediated opsonophagocytosis
Protein A (bind Fc region so that it stays hidden from immune cells)
27
stimulates massive polyclonal expansion of T-cells, resulting in cytokine storm leading to toxic shock
Superantigen
28
Scarlet fever can be seen in superantigen response in what pathogen?
S. pyogenes
29
Pathogen intrinsically resistant to various antibacterials; its PBPs have low affinity for b-lactams (penicillin); resistant to cephalosporins and clindamycin; can absorb folate from host, so resistant to Tmp-Smx
Enterococci
30
What is VRE?
Vancomycin Resistant E. faecium)
31
Why might vancomycin resistance, given horizontally to S. aureus, not be too worrisome?
Seems like there is a fitness cost for Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
32
Blood cultures are typically collected in two sets (each set from a different site) why?
Allow for determination of any possible contamination from the blood draw
33
Most bacteria causing infective endocarditis are ____________ _________
Facultative anaerobes (Staph, Strep, Entero, HACEK)
34
"to decay or putrefy"; non-specific and easy to cure early on, but more obvious and harder to cure when more advanced
Sepsis
35
Disease continuum of sepsis
Infection--> SIRS--> Sepsis--> Septic Shock--> Multiorgan failure
36
SIRS
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
37
Defined by 2 or more of the following: Fever, high/low WBC, elevated HR and/or elevated RR
SIRS
38
SIRS + Infection= ???; life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection
Sepsis
39
subset of sepsis in which profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone
Septic shock
40
Severe sepsis vs. septic shock
Severe sepsis: SIRS and hypotension corrected by fluids) | Septic shock: SIRS and persistent hypotension (need drugs)
41
Consequences of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome
Clotting disorders Renal, hepatic or cardiac failure Cognitive impairment Accumulation of metabolic products
42
Sepsis rates increase with age (True or False)
True
43
Microbial triggers of SIRS
Lipid A component of LPS (Gram negative) Lipoteichoic acid (Gram positive) Peptidoglycan Bacterial toxins
44
Immune cell that is most likely the mediator of SIRS in sepsis
Neutrophil
45
Vascular effects of sepsis
Vascular leak Chemotaxis of PMNs Vasodilation Intravascular coagulation
46
Pose little risk to healthy individuals, but there are outbreaks in healthcare settings with very ill patients
Opportunistic infections (Gram negative rods)
47
Gram negative rod; found in soil and water; produce blue-green colonies and a fruity odor; chronic in cystic fibrosis; LPS defects render sensitive to complement; can form biofilms, so highly resistant to antibiotics
P. aeruginosa
48
Gram negative; found in soil and water; coccobacilli or cocci; extensive multi-drug resistance (some resistant to all known antibiotics)
Acinetobacter baumannii
49
Gram negative rod; member of enterobacteria; "collector" of drug-resistance plasmids; large polysaccharide capsule
Klebsiella pneumoniae
50
SIRS vs. Sepsis vs. Severe Sepsis vs Septic shock vs. MODS
SIRS: inflammatory response Sepsis: SIRS with infection Severe Sepsis: SIRS and hypotension corrected w/ fluids Septic shock: SIRS and hypotension corrected by drugs only MODS: organ damage
51
What gram + cocci are most found in native valve IE (community acquired)?
1. S. aureus | 2. Viridans
52
What gram + cocci are most found in prothetic valve IE?
1. CNS (coag-neg staph) | 2. S. aureus
53
What gram + cocci are most found in native valve IE (nosocomial) acquired)?
S. aureus
54
What gram + cocci are most found in native valve IE (IV drug users)?
S. aureus
55
What gram + cocci are most found in native valve IE (with diabetes)?
S. aureus

Cardiology-Exam 2 (23 decks)

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