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Cardio > Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the pulmonary system

A

Provides for gas exchange
Regulates blood pH
Contains olfactory receptors
Filters inspired air
Produce vocal sounds
Excretes water and heat

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2
Q

Airway branching

A

Trachea
Main Bronchi
Lobar and Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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3
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx

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4
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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5
Q

consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs

A

Conducting zone

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6
Q

consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

A

Respiratory zone

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7
Q

The respiratory zone consists of

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Capillaries

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8
Q

Functions of the nose

A

Primary entrance for air
Contains olfactory receptors
Speech and sound
Modify vocal sounds

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9
Q

It filters air that goes through the lungs

A

Nasal hair

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10
Q

Divides the nose into two sides

A

Nasal septum

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11
Q

Covered by the mucuous membrane

A

Nasal conchae

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12
Q

a visible external portion and an internal portion inside the skull

A

Nasal cavity

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13
Q

Aka throat

A

Pharynx

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14
Q

Three anatomical regions of the throat

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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15
Q

The conducting zone consists of

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

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16
Q

Branching of bronchioles

A

Trachea
Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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17
Q

How many lobes and fissures does the left lung have

A

Lobes: 2
Fissure: 1

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18
Q

In what lung can the cardiac notch be found?

A

Left

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19
Q

Lobes of the left lung

A

Upper lobe
Lower lobe

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20
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A

Upper lobe
Middle lobe
Lower lobe

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21
Q

Functions as the voice box

A

Larynx

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22
Q

Another function of the Larynx aside from being the voice box

A

Connects the pharynx to the trachea

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23
Q

Function of the epiglottis

A

Seal of windpipe during swallowing so the food and liquid do not enter the airway and lungs

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24
Q

Function of the glottis

A

Producing sounds from vocal folds

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25
Q

Tubular passageway for air located anterior to the esophagus

A

Trachea

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26
Q

Shape of the cartilage that support the trachea

A

C-shaped

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27
Q

Tubes branching off the trachea leading to the lungs

A

Bronchi

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28
Q

Primary organ of respiration

A

Lungs

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29
Q

Cup-shaped outpouching where gas exchange occurs

A

Alveoli

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30
Q

Alveoli is lined by what type of epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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31
Q

In gas exchange, diffusions take place across what structures?

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

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32
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

Muscin

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33
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Surfactant

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34
Q

Type III alveolar cells

A

Alveolar macrophages

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35
Q

Muscles of relaxed inspiration

A

Diaphragm
External intercostals

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36
Q

Muscles of forced inspiration

A

SCM
Upper trapezius
Pec Major & Minor
Anterior, Middle, & Posterior Scalene
Serratus Anterior
Serratus Posterior Superior

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37
Q

Muscles of relaxed expiration

A

No muscles involved d/t elastic recoil of lungs and thorax

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38
Q

Muscles of forced expiration

A

Abdominals
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Internal intercostals

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39
Q

A forward and upward movement of the sternum and upper ribs

A

Pump-handle motion

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40
Q

Pump-Handle motion increases what dimension?

A

Antero-posterior dimension

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41
Q

What happens to the thoracic spine during pump-handle motion?

A

Thoracic spine extends to enable greater excursion of the sternum

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42
Q

In what ribs does the pump-handle motion occur?

A

Ribs 1-7

43
Q

An elevation and outward turning of the lateral portion of the ribs

A

Bucket-Handle motion

44
Q

What dimension does the Bucket-Handle motion increase?

A

Transverse (lateral) dimension

45
Q

In what ribs does the Bucket-Handle motion occur?

A

Ribs 8-10

46
Q

An increase in the subcostal angle

A

Caliper motion

47
Q

What happens to the rib segments during caliper motion?

A

The costochondral junction also increases, making the rib segments longer during inspiration

48
Q

An increase in the vertical dimension

A

Piston action

49
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during piston action?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm descends as the muscle contracts.

50
Q

How does the vertical dimension increase in piston action?

A

Elevation of the ribs increases vertical dimension of the thorax.
It also improves the effectiveness of the diaphragm

51
Q

What structures of the brain controls the breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons

52
Q

Respiratory group that controls the normal quiet breathing

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

53
Q

Respiratory group that is used during forceful expiration

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

54
Q

The respiratory group that modifies the rhythm of breathing during exercise, speaking, and sleeping

A

Pontine respiratory group

55
Q

This inhibits inspiration

A

Pneumotaxic

56
Q

This stimulates inspiration

A

Apneustic

57
Q

The superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

58
Q

The deep layer that covers the lungs itself.

A

Visceral pleura

59
Q

A small space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

A

Pleural cavity

60
Q

Inflammation of the pleural membrane

A

Pleurisy/Pleuritis

61
Q

Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Pleural effusion

62
Q

Involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

63
Q

The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane

A

External respiration

64
Q

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells.

A

Internal respiration

65
Q

Where is the Pneumotaxic center located?

A

Upper Pons

66
Q

Where is the Apneustic center located?

A

Lower Pons

67
Q

The amount of gas reaching the alveoli

A

Ventilation

68
Q

The blood flow reaching the alveoli

A

Perfusion

68
Q

Increased CO2, decreased O2 results in

A

Vasoconstriction of bronchiole

68
Q

Normal alveolar ventilation

A

4L/min

68
Q

Decreased CO2, increased O2 results in

A

Vasoconstriction of Capillary

69
Q

Normal pulmonary flow

A

5L/min

69
Q

Ventilation at the apices

A

> 0.8

69
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion ratio

A

V/Q

69
Q

Ventilation at the bases

A

< 0.8

70
Q

Normal value of ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

0.8

71
Q

How many alveoli are there in the lungs?

A

300,000,000

71
Q

Where are larger alveoli found?

A

Apex

72
Q

What happens when the alveoli are larger?

A

It is less compliant because it stretches less resulting in decreased ventilation

73
Q

Where are smaller alveoli found?

A

Base

74
Q

What happens when the alveoli are smaller?

A

It is more compliant as it can stretch more resulting in increased ventilation

75
Q

Ventilation-perfusion ratio in the apex of the lungs

A

Both decreased but V > P

76
Q

Ventilation-perfusion ratio in the base of the lungs

A

Both increased but P > V

77
Q

Normal Tidal Volume

A

500 mL

78
Q

Amount of oxygen exchanged in the capillaries

A

350 mL

79
Q

Amount of anatomic dead space

A

150 mL

80
Q

Components of the physiologic dead space

A

Anatomic dead space
Alveolar dead space

81
Q

Factors of rate of gas exchange

A

Partial pressure differences
Molecular weight and solubility
Diffusion distance
Available surface area

82
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

6000 mL

83
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

3000 mL

84
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

1,200 mL

85
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

1,100 mL

86
Q

Amount of air that can be maximally inspired after normal expiration.

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

87
Q

IC is the sum of

A

TV and IRV

88
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

3,600 mL

89
Q

Amount of air left in the lungs after normal expiration

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

90
Q

FRC is the sum of

A

ERV and RV

91
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

2,300 mL

92
Q

Amount of air that can be maximally expired after maximal inspiration

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

93
Q

VC is the sum of

A

IRV, TV, and ERV

94
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

4,800 mL

95
Q

Amount of air that can still be inspired after normal inspiration

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

96
Q

Amount of air that can still be expired after normal expiration

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Cardio (15 decks)

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