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CRPD Flashcards

1
Q

a group of lung diseases characterized by a reduced ability of the lungs to expand, leading to decreased lung volume and impaired gas exchange

A

Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease (CRPD)

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2
Q

CRPD conditions

A

Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Atelectasis
Pulmonary Edema

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3
Q

Traumatic causes of Pneumothorax

A

Blunt
Penetrating

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4
Q

Iatrogenic causes of Pneumothorax

A

Transtracheal Aspiration
Lung Biopsy
Tube thoracostomy

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5
Q

Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax

A

Direct trauma to the chest wall causes rupture of an emphysematous bleb/bullae

Free air accumulates in the pleural cavity

Results in restriction of lung/s to expand due to the free air taking up space

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6
Q

A type of Pneumothorax where direct trauma or perforation of the chest wall leads to air entering the pleural space directly
through the hole in the chest

A

Open Pneumothorax

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7
Q

A type of Pneumothorax caused by rupture bleb/bullae, a previous pulmonary condition

A

Close Pneumothorax

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8
Q

A type of Pneumothorax that causes hypotension and contralateral mediastinal shift

A

Tension Pneumothorax

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9
Q

What type of trauma can be induced during scuba diving?

A

Pulmonary barotrauma

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10
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Pneumothorax

A

Dyspnea
Change in respiratory movements
Chest pain (sudden, sharp)
Weak PR
Decreased BP

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11
Q

Tx for Pneumothorax

A

Three-way valve
Chest tube (Thoracostomy valve)

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12
Q

Causes of Pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous
Traumatic

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13
Q

Subcategories of Spontaneous Pneumothorax

A

Primary: s underlying disease
Secondary: c underlying disease

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14
Q

A Tx for Pneumothorax that can be placed over the chest wound to allow air to escape from the pleural space but prevent air from entering, thereby helping to reverse the pressure imbalance.

A

Three-way valve

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15
Q

A Tx for Pneumothorax wherein a tube is inserted into the pleural space to drain air,
blood, or other fluids. This helps re-expand the collapsed lung by removing the air that has
accumulated.

A

Chest tube (Thoracostomy tube)

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16
Q

Increased accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Pleurisy/Pleuritis

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17
Q

Empyema is caused by

A

Infection of pleural fluid + pus formation

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18
Q

Causes of pleuritis

A

infection
injury
tumor

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19
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Pleuritis

A

Chest pain
Cough
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Fever

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20
Q

Pain sensation of Pleuritis and site

A

Stabbing or knife-like pain that may radiate to the lower chest, abdomen, neck, upper trapz, and shoulder region

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21
Q

A type of pleural effusion that occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure.

A

Transudative pleural effusion

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22
Q

In what conditions can transudative pleural effusion be found?

A

CHF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Pulmonary Edema
Hypoalbuminemia

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23
Q

A type of pleural effusion that occurs due to inflammation and increased capillary permeability.

A

Exudative pleural effusion

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24
Q

Conditions wherein exudative pleural effusion can be found.

A

Pneumonia
Cancer
TB
Viral infection
Pulmonary Edema

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25
Protein and LDH levels in transudate pleural effusion
Low
26
Protein and LDH levels in exudative pleural effusion
High
27
Characteristics of fluids in Empyema/Pyothorax
Purulent
28
Characteristics of fluids in Chylothorax
Fluid contains lymph
29
Characteristics of fluids in Hemothorax
Sanguineous
30
Accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity
Hemothorax
31
Causes of hemothorax
Carcinomatous lesion or direct trauma to chest wall
32
A type of pleural effusion characterized by the accumulation of chyle
Chylothorax
33
the milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids
Chyle
34
Accumulation of pus-filled fluid within the pleural cavity
Empyema (Pyothorax)
35
Seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vasculature into the interstitial spaces within the lung parenchyma
Pulmonary Edema
36
Cardiogenic causes Pulmonary Edema
Backflow of blood to the lungs from LV failure
37
Non-cardiogenic causes of Pulmonary Edema
Increased permeability of alveolar capillary membranes
38
Is Pulmonary Edema a disease?
No, it is a clinical manifestation of an underlying pathological process
39
Clinical S/Sx of Pulmonary Edema
Crackles Tachypnea Dyspnea Hypoxemia
40
Characteristics of cough in Pulmonary Edema
Pink, frothy sputum
41
Treatments for Pulmonary Edema
Diuretics Breathing exercises Chest tube
42
Dislodged thrombosis from a peripheral blood clot/deep vein thrombosis blocks the lumen of a pulmonary blood vessel
Pulmonary Embolism
43
S/Sx of Pulmonary Embolism
Sudden onset of: tachypnea tachycardia dyspnea pleuritic chest pain
44
Coughing up of blood
Hemoptysis
45
Cardiac causes of Pulmonary Embolism
A-fib
46
Well's Criteria for Ax of Pulmonary Embolism with a score of 1
Clinical S/Sx of DVT HR > 100 bpm Immobilization for 3 days or more/Surgery in the past 4 wks. Hx of DVT/PE Hemoptysis Malignancy
47
Partial or complete, reversible collapse of the small airways of the lungs resulting in impaired gas exchange
Atelectasis
48
Causes of Atelectasis
Compression Resorption Hypoventilation Post-surgical Loss of surfactant
49
Most common type of Atelectasis
Obstructive Atelectasis
50
Cause of obstructive Atelectasis
Physical blockage that can occur at the level of larger or smaller bronchus
51
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Atelectasis
Blockage leads to the absorption of the trapped air in the alveoli, causing the lung segment to collapse
52
Direction of mediastinal shift in Obstructive Atelectasis
Ipsilateral
53
Common blocks in obstructive atelectasis
Mucus plug Foreign body Tumor
54
A type of atelectasis that occurs without any blockage
Non-obstructive Atelectasis
55
Common causes of Atelectasis
Injury Pleural effusion Pneumonia Pneumothorax Tumor
56
A type of Atelectasis that causes external pressure on the lung from fluid, air, or mass in the pleural space
Compressive Atelectasis
57
Causes of compressive atelectasis
Pleural effusion Pneumothorax Tumor Abdominal Herniation
58
Direction of mediastinal shift in compressive atelectasis
Contralateral
59
A type of Atelectasis caused by the lack of surfactant or adhesive atelectasis, leading to alveolar collapse.
Resorptive Atelectasis
60
Pathophysiology of Resorptive Atelectasis
Adhesions cause lung tissue and necrosis
61
Direction of mediastinal shift in resorptive atelectasis
Contralateral
62
S/Sx of Atelectasis
Decreased breath sounds Dyspnea Tachycardia Increased temp Mediastinal shifting
63
Conditions that present c contralateral mediastinal shifting
Pneumothorax Hemothorax Chylothorax Pleural Effusion
64
Conditions that present c ipsilateral mediastinal shifting
Adhesive/Surfactant Atelectasis Cicatrization Tumor
65
Restrictive Lung disease of unknown etiology
Systemic Sclerosis Lung Dse/Scleroderma
66
(+) sign in Scleroderma
Inflammation and Fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs
67
Clinical S/Sx of Scleroderma
Dyspnea on exertion Non-productive cough Peripheral edema Orthopnea PND Sclerodactyly CREST
68
What is CREST syndrome?
Calcinosis Raynaud's phenomenon Esophageal Dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia
69
Pathophysiology of Scleroderma
Leads to interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis of the lungs
70
Leading cause of death in cancers among men and women
Lung Cancer
71
Prevalence of Lung Cancer
Black > Other race Men > Women
72
Characteristic of the spread of Lung Cancer
Very metastatic due to blood traveling in the lungs
73
Oat cell lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer
74
Non-small cell lung cancer
Squamous Cell CA Adenocarcinoma Large cell carcinoma
75
Most common symptom for Lung cancer
Hemoptysis
76
Metastatic areas in Lung cancer
Long bones Vertebral columns (thoracic) Liver Adrenal glands
77
A type of tumor in Lung cancer that causes cough, dyspnea, and diffuse chest pain radiating to the shoulder, scapula, and upper back.
Centrally-located Tumors
78
Nerve involvement of Centrally-located tumors
Peribronchial nerve
79
Complication of centrally-located tumors
May extend to the pericardium causing Arrhythmias
80
A type of tumor for Lung cancer that is Asymptomatic until it has extended through visceral and parietal pleura and to the chest wall
Peripherally-located tumor
81
Type of pain present in a peripherally-located tumor
Localized, sharp, pleuritic pain due to nerve involvement
82
Where does peripherally-located tumor metastasize to?
Mediastinum
83
A type of tumor for Lung cancer that can be located in lung apices
Pancoast tumors
84
Nerve roots affected in Pancoast syndrome
C8 and T1
85
Extension of the Pancoast tumor to the paravertebral sympathetic nerves causes what syndrome?
Horner's syndrome
86
S/Sx of Pancoast tumors
Miosis Anhidrosis Ptosis
87
Constricted pupil
Miosis
88
Lack of sweating
Anhidrosis
89
X-ray view in testing for lung cancer
Apicolordotic view
90
Cancer cells produce hormones or other substances that affect tissues or organs remote from the primary tumor site
Paraneoplastic syndrome
91
RF for Lung cancer
> 50 years old Smoking Smoking Hx Low consumption of fruits and vegetables Genetic predisposition
92
S/Sx of Lung cancer
Hemoptysis Persistent cough Dyspnea Wheezing Sharp radiating chest pain

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