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Cardio > CRPD > Flashcards

CRPD Flashcards

1
Q

a group of lung diseases characterized by a reduced ability of the lungs to expand, leading to decreased lung volume and impaired gas exchange

A

Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease (CRPD)

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2
Q

CRPD conditions

A

Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Atelectasis
Pulmonary Edema

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3
Q

Traumatic causes of Pneumothorax

A

Blunt
Penetrating

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4
Q

Iatrogenic causes of Pneumothorax

A

Transtracheal Aspiration
Lung Biopsy
Tube thoracostomy

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5
Q

Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax

A

Direct trauma to the chest wall causes rupture of an emphysematous bleb/bullae

Free air accumulates in the pleural cavity

Results in restriction of lung/s to expand due to the free air taking up space

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6
Q

A type of Pneumothorax where direct trauma or perforation of the chest wall leads to air entering the pleural space directly
through the hole in the chest

A

Open Pneumothorax

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7
Q

A type of Pneumothorax caused by rupture bleb/bullae, a previous pulmonary condition

A

Close Pneumothorax

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8
Q

A type of Pneumothorax that causes hypotension and contralateral mediastinal shift

A

Tension Pneumothorax

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9
Q

What type of trauma can be induced during scuba diving?

A

Pulmonary barotrauma

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10
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Pneumothorax

A

Dyspnea
Change in respiratory movements
Chest pain (sudden, sharp)
Weak PR
Decreased BP

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11
Q

Tx for Pneumothorax

A

Three-way valve
Chest tube (Thoracostomy valve)

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12
Q

Causes of Pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous
Traumatic

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13
Q

Subcategories of Spontaneous Pneumothorax

A

Primary: s underlying disease
Secondary: c underlying disease

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14
Q

A Tx for Pneumothorax that can be placed over the chest wound to allow air to escape from the pleural space but prevent air from entering, thereby helping to reverse the pressure imbalance.

A

Three-way valve

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15
Q

A Tx for Pneumothorax wherein a tube is inserted into the pleural space to drain air,
blood, or other fluids. This helps re-expand the collapsed lung by removing the air that has
accumulated.

A

Chest tube (Thoracostomy tube)

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16
Q

Increased accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Pleurisy/Pleuritis

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17
Q

Empyema is caused by

A

Infection of pleural fluid + pus formation

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18
Q

Causes of pleuritis

A

infection
injury
tumor

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19
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Pleuritis

A

Chest pain
Cough
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Fever

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20
Q

Pain sensation of Pleuritis and site

A

Stabbing or knife-like pain that may radiate to the lower chest, abdomen, neck, upper trapz, and shoulder region

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21
Q

A type of pleural effusion that occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure.

A

Transudative pleural effusion

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22
Q

In what conditions can transudative pleural effusion be found?

A

CHF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Pulmonary Edema
Hypoalbuminemia

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23
Q

A type of pleural effusion that occurs due to inflammation and increased capillary permeability.

A

Exudative pleural effusion

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24
Q

Conditions wherein exudative pleural effusion can be found.

A

Pneumonia
Cancer
TB
Viral infection
Pulmonary Edema

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25
Q

Protein and LDH levels in transudate pleural effusion

A

Low

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26
Q

Protein and LDH levels in exudative pleural effusion

A

High

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27
Q

Characteristics of fluids in Empyema/Pyothorax

A

Purulent

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28
Q

Characteristics of fluids in Chylothorax

A

Fluid contains lymph

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29
Q

Characteristics of fluids in Hemothorax

A

Sanguineous

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30
Q

Accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity

A

Hemothorax

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31
Q

Causes of hemothorax

A

Carcinomatous lesion or direct trauma to chest wall

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32
Q

A type of pleural effusion characterized by the accumulation of chyle

A

Chylothorax

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33
Q

the milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids

A

Chyle

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34
Q

Accumulation of pus-filled fluid within the pleural cavity

A

Empyema (Pyothorax)

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35
Q

Seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vasculature into the interstitial spaces within the lung parenchyma

A

Pulmonary Edema

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36
Q

Cardiogenic causes Pulmonary Edema

A

Backflow of blood to the lungs from LV failure

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37
Q

Non-cardiogenic causes of Pulmonary Edema

A

Increased permeability of alveolar capillary membranes

38
Q

Is Pulmonary Edema a disease?

A

No, it is a clinical manifestation of an underlying pathological process

39
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Pulmonary Edema

A

Crackles
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Hypoxemia

40
Q

Characteristics of cough in Pulmonary Edema

A

Pink, frothy sputum

41
Q

Treatments for Pulmonary Edema

A

Diuretics
Breathing exercises
Chest tube

42
Q

Dislodged thrombosis from a peripheral blood clot/deep vein thrombosis blocks the lumen of a pulmonary blood vessel

A

Pulmonary Embolism

43
Q

S/Sx of Pulmonary Embolism

A

Sudden onset of:
tachypnea
tachycardia
dyspnea
pleuritic chest pain

44
Q

Coughing up of blood

A

Hemoptysis

45
Q

Cardiac causes of Pulmonary Embolism

A

A-fib

46
Q

Well’s Criteria for Ax of Pulmonary Embolism with a score of 1

A

Clinical S/Sx of DVT

HR > 100 bpm

Immobilization for 3 days or more/Surgery in the past 4 wks.

Hx of DVT/PE

Hemoptysis

Malignancy

47
Q

Partial or complete, reversible collapse of the small airways of the lungs resulting in impaired gas exchange

A

Atelectasis

48
Q

Causes of Atelectasis

A

Compression
Resorption
Hypoventilation
Post-surgical
Loss of surfactant

49
Q

Most common type of Atelectasis

A

Obstructive Atelectasis

50
Q

Cause of obstructive Atelectasis

A

Physical blockage that can occur at the level of larger or smaller bronchus

51
Q

Pathophysiology of Obstructive Atelectasis

A

Blockage leads to the absorption of the trapped air in the alveoli, causing the lung segment to collapse

52
Q

Direction of mediastinal shift in Obstructive Atelectasis

A

Ipsilateral

53
Q

Common blocks in obstructive atelectasis

A

Mucus plug
Foreign body
Tumor

54
Q

A type of atelectasis that occurs without any blockage

A

Non-obstructive Atelectasis

55
Q

Common causes of Atelectasis

A

Injury
Pleural effusion
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Tumor

56
Q

A type of Atelectasis that causes external pressure on the lung from fluid, air, or mass in the pleural space

A

Compressive Atelectasis

57
Q

Causes of compressive atelectasis

A

Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Tumor
Abdominal Herniation

58
Q

Direction of mediastinal shift in compressive atelectasis

A

Contralateral

59
Q

A type of Atelectasis caused by the lack of surfactant or adhesive atelectasis, leading to alveolar collapse.

A

Resorptive Atelectasis

60
Q

Pathophysiology of Resorptive Atelectasis

A

Adhesions cause lung tissue and necrosis

61
Q

Direction of mediastinal shift in resorptive atelectasis

A

Contralateral

62
Q

S/Sx of Atelectasis

A

Decreased breath sounds
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Increased temp
Mediastinal shifting

63
Q

Conditions that present c contralateral mediastinal shifting

A

Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Pleural Effusion

64
Q

Conditions that present c ipsilateral mediastinal shifting

A

Adhesive/Surfactant Atelectasis
Cicatrization
Tumor

65
Q

Restrictive Lung disease of unknown etiology

A

Systemic Sclerosis Lung Dse/Scleroderma

66
Q

(+) sign in Scleroderma

A

Inflammation and Fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs

67
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Scleroderma

A

Dyspnea on exertion
Non-productive cough
Peripheral edema
Orthopnea
PND
Sclerodactyly
CREST

68
Q

What is CREST syndrome?

A

Calcinosis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Esophageal Dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia

69
Q

Pathophysiology of Scleroderma

A

Leads to interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis of the lungs

70
Q

Leading cause of death in cancers among men and women

A

Lung Cancer

71
Q

Prevalence of Lung Cancer

A

Black > Other race
Men > Women

72
Q

Characteristic of the spread of Lung Cancer

A

Very metastatic due to blood traveling in the lungs

73
Q

Oat cell lung cancer

A

Small cell lung cancer

74
Q

Non-small cell lung cancer

A

Squamous Cell CA
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma

75
Q

Most common symptom for Lung cancer

A

Hemoptysis

76
Q

Metastatic areas in Lung cancer

A

Long bones
Vertebral columns (thoracic)
Liver
Adrenal glands

77
Q

A type of tumor in Lung cancer that causes cough, dyspnea, and diffuse chest pain radiating to the shoulder, scapula, and upper back.

A

Centrally-located Tumors

78
Q

Nerve involvement of Centrally-located tumors

A

Peribronchial nerve

79
Q

Complication of centrally-located tumors

A

May extend to the pericardium causing Arrhythmias

80
Q

A type of tumor for Lung cancer that is Asymptomatic until it has extended
through visceral and parietal pleura
and to the chest wall

A

Peripherally-located tumor

81
Q

Type of pain present in a peripherally-located tumor

A

Localized, sharp, pleuritic pain due to nerve involvement

82
Q

Where does peripherally-located tumor metastasize to?

A

Mediastinum

83
Q

A type of tumor for Lung cancer that can be located in lung apices

A

Pancoast tumors

84
Q

Nerve roots affected in Pancoast syndrome

A

C8 and T1

85
Q

Extension of the Pancoast tumor to the paravertebral sympathetic nerves causes what syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome

86
Q

S/Sx of Pancoast tumors

A

Miosis
Anhidrosis
Ptosis

87
Q

Constricted pupil

A

Miosis

88
Q

Lack of sweating

A

Anhidrosis

89
Q

X-ray view in testing for lung cancer

A

Apicolordotic view

90
Q

Cancer cells produce hormones or other substances that affect tissues or organs remote from the primary tumor site

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

91
Q

RF for Lung cancer

A

> 50 years old
Smoking
Smoking Hx
Low consumption of fruits and vegetables
Genetic predisposition

92
Q

S/Sx of Lung cancer

A

Hemoptysis
Persistent cough
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Sharp radiating chest pain

Cardio (15 decks)

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