Peripheral Vascular System Flashcards
Fuck this bro
1
Q
a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix.
A
blood
2
Q
Functions of the blood
A
transportation
regulation
protection
3
Q
major functions of RBC
A
transport Hgb
oxygen and nutrients
Carbon dioxide and other wastes
4
Q
Normal pH for blood
A
7.35-7.45 pH
5
Q
blood composition
A
55% plasma
45% formed substances
6
Q
plasma composition
A
91.5% water
7% plasma proteins
7
Q
plasma protein composition
A
Albumin (54%)
Globulin (38%)
Fibrinogen (7%)
8
Q
Function of albumin
A
Maintains colloid osmotic pressure
9
Q
What drug causes bleeding when there is increased albumin?
A
Warfarin
10
Q
Low albumin
A
Albuminemia
11
Q
An increase in albumin results in…
A
Dehydration
12
Q
Small plasma proteins
A
Albumin
13
Q
Large plasma proteins
A
Globulin
14
Q
Function of fibrinogen
A
contributes to blood clotting by conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
15
Q
Reference value of sodium
A
135-145 mEq/L
16
Q
Reference value of potassium
A
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
17
Q
Reference value of creatinine
A
0.5-1.2 mg/dL
18
Q
Reference value of glucose
A
70-110 mg/dL
19
Q
Reference value of calcium
A
9-11 mEq/L
20
Q
Reference value of carbon dioxide
A
20-29 mEq/L
21
Q
Hgb reference value
A
F: 12-16 g/dL
M: 13-18 g/dL
22
Q
HCT reference value
A
F: 36-46%
M: 37-49%
23
Q
Normal RBC count
A
F: 4.8 million RBC/microliter
M: 5.4 million RBC/microliter
24
Q
Ratio of Hgb to O2 molecules
A
4:1
25
color of Hgb bound to O2
bright red
26
color of Hgb without bound O2
dark red
27
lifespan of RBC
120 days (3-4 mos)
28
shape of RBC
biconcave disc
29
formation of RBC
Erythropoiesis
30
What hormone regulates RBC formation?
Erythropoietin
31
Where does RBC formation take place?
Bone marrow
32
This type of WBC are the first responders and usually remain in the blood for a short time (10-12 hours)
Neutrophils
33
This type of WBC responds to parasitic infections
Eosinophils
34
Neutrophils composes how much of the total WBC?
2/3
35
This type of WBC responds to allergic reactions
Basophils
36
What are the granular types of WBC?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
37
What are the agranular types of WBC?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
38
This type of WBC responds to viral infections and produces antibodies as well as other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms, contribute to allergic reactions, graft rejections, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system.
Lymphocytes
39
This type of lymphocytes develop into plasma cells, which secretes antibodies
B Cells
40
This type of Immunoglobulins are abundant in the blood and crosses the placenta.
IgG
41
This type of Immunoglobulins is the most abundant in secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk.
IgA
42
This type of Immunoglobulins that functions for mucosal defense and produces food antigen. It is also the main responders of an infection.
IgM
43
This type of Immunoglobulins responds to allergies and parasites
IgE
44
This type of Immunoglobulins activates B cells
IgD
45
This type of lymphocytes attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria.
T Cells
46
This type of T cells are the ones attacked in HIV; alerts immunoglobulins and killer T cells to respond to pathogen.
Helper T Cells (CD4 T cells)
47
This type of T cells destroy foreign bodies
Killer T Cells (CD8/Cytotoxic cells)
48
This type of T cells suppress CD8 cells
Suppressor T cells
49
This type of lymphocytes attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.
NK cells
50
This type of WBC responds to viral and fungal infections
Monocytes
51
Most abundant Immunoglobulin in the blood
IgG
52
Immunoglobulin that succeeds the expression of breastmilk
IgG
53
Increased neutrophil count indicates
Bacterial infection
Burns
Stress
Inflammation
54
Increased lymphocyte count indicates
viral infection
infectious mononucleosis
55
Increased monocyte count indicates
viral or fungal infection
TB
56
Increased Eosinophil count indicates
allergic reaction
parasitic infection
autoimmune disease
57
Increased Basophil count indicates
allergic reaction
leukemia
cancer
58
decreased Neutrophil count indicates
SLE
59
Clotting factor I
Fibrinogen
60
Clotting factor II
Prothrombin
61
Clotting factor III
Thromboplastin
62
Clotting factor IV
Calcium
63
Clotting factor V
Labile
64
Clotting factor VII
Stable
65
Clotting factor VIII
factor A
66
Clotting factor IX
factor B
67
Clotting factor X
Stuart
68
Clotting factor XI
factor C
69
Clotting factor XII
Hageman/factor D
70
Clotting factor XIII
Fibrin
71
RBC is abnormally high which raises the viscosity of the blood
Polycythemia Vera
72
Physiologic causes of polycythemia vera includes:
high altitude
73
Abnormal low numbers of WBC
Leukopenia
74
A form of blood cancer in which WBC are abnormally high
Leukemia
75
Decreased albumin
Albuminemia
76
It carries blood away from the heart
Arteries and arterioles
77
Layers of tunica interna (deep to superficial)
Endothelium
Basement membrane
Internal elastic laminae
78
Layers of tunica media (deep to superficial)
Endothelium
Basement membrane
External elastic laminae
79
this layer of a blood vessel provides physical support base to the epithelial layer
basement membrane
80
Functions of endothelial cells
reduces surface friction
physical influence on blood flow
assistance with capillary permeability
81
Nerves that innervate the veins and arteries
Vasa vasorum
82
largest arteries in the body and help propel the blood while ventricles are relaxed
elastic arteries
83
another name for elastic arteries
conducting arteries
84
the elastic lamellae is composed of
a thick tunica media dominated by elastic fibers
85
examples of elastic arteries
aorta
pulmonary trunk
subclavian a.
common carotid a.
brachiocephalic a.
abdominal aorta
86
characteristics of an elastic artery
well-defined internal and external elastic laminae
thick tunica media
87
functions of an elastic artery
propels blood onward while ventricles are relaxed
recoils and converts stored energy to kinetic energy
pressure reservoir
88
medium-sized arteries that is capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust the rate of flow
Muscular arteries
89
another name for muscular arteries
Distributing arteries
90
characteristics of Muscular arteries
well-define internal elastic laminae
thin external elastic laminae
91
examples of Muscular arteries
brachial a.
radial a.
ulnar a.
92
Union of two or more arterial branches supplying the same region
Anastomoses
93
the function of an anastomoses
provide alternate routes for blood to supply the same site
94
arteries that anastomose, an alternative route of blood flow to a body part through
anastomoses.
Collateral circulation
95
arteries that do not anastomose
End arteries
96
arteries flow directly into the veins
Arteriovenous (AV) shunt
97
most common type of anastomoses; alternate drainage for organs
Venous anastomosis
98
2 arteries merge; collateral circulation
Arterial anastomosis
99
characteristics of an arteriole
thin tunica interna and internal elastic laminae
100
the terminal end of an arteriole
metarteriole
101
another name for Arterioles
resistance vessels
102
how thin are is the tunica interna of capillaries?
one cell thick
103
what is the function of a capillary?
connect the arterial outflow to the venous return
104
what layers are not present in a capillary?
tunica media
tunica externa
105
network of 10-100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole
capillary bed
106
venule that receives blood from a capillary
postcapillary venule
107
flow of blood from a metarteriole through capillaries to postcapillary venule
microcirculation
108
veins that have venous valves
medium-sized veins
109
flattened, specialized veins with extremely thin walls
venous sinuses
110
size of large veins
> 10 mm
111
provides a direct route for blood from arterioles to the venules; bypasses capillariee
thoroughfare channels
112
segments of smooth muscle that directs blood towards the capillaries
Pre-capillary sphincter
113
nerves that innervate the blood vessels
nervi vasorum
114
Most common type of capillary with tight junctions of endothelial cells. It is only interrupted by intercellular clefts
Continuous capillaries
115
Where can the continuous capillaries be found?
Blood Brain Barrier
Muscles
Connective tissues
Respiratory organs
Exocrine glands
116
A capillary characterized by large openings in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells.
Fenestrated capillaries
117
Why do fenestrated capillaries have large openings?
Functions for rapid exchange of molecules between blood and tissue
118
A type of capillary that exhibits irregular, tortuous paths and wider diameters.
Sinusoid capillaries
119
Distinguishing features of a sinusoid capillary
Incomplete or absent basement membrane
Large intercellular clefts
120
Where can sinusoidal capillaries be found?
Liver
Spleen
Ant. Pituitary Gland
Bone marrow
121
These blood vessels have thin walls which results in it not being able to maintain its shape
Venules
122
Distinguishing features of a venule
Loosely organized intercellular junctions
123
What is the function of loosely organized intercellular junctions in a venule?
functions as a site of exchange of nutrients and wastes
124
Venules that initially receive blood from the capillaries
Post-capillary venules
125
Venules that have thicker walls across which exchanges with interstitial fluid can no longer occur
Muscular venules
126
AKA Capacitance vessel
Veins
127
Distinguishing features of veins
Thick tunica externa
Valves
No internal or externa elastic laminae
128
double set of veins escort the arteries and connect with one another via venous
channels
Anastomotic veins
129
Veins that course through the subcutaneous layer unaccompanied by parallel arteries
Superficial veins
130
Veins found in between skeletal muscle
Deep veins
131
Where can larger superficial veins be found?
UE
132
Where can larger deep veins be found?
LE
133
Types of veins from smallest to largest
Post-capillary venules
Muscular venules
Medium veins
Venous sinuses
Large veins
134
vein with thin endothelial wall
vascular sinus
135
Refers to the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body
Hemodynamics
136
The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a give time period
Blood flow
137
Factors that affect blood flow
Pressure difference
Resistance to blood flow
138
Determinants of blood pressure
Cardiac output
Vascular resistance
Total blood volume
139
Determinants of vascular resistance
Lumen size
Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
140
Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels
Vascular Resistance
141
Relationship of blood viscosity and vascular resistance
Directly proportional
142
Relationship of blood vessel length and vascular resistance
Directly proportional
143
Refers to all of the vascular resistance offered by systemic blood vessesl
Systemic Vascular Resistance
144
another name for Systemic Vascular Resistance
Total Peripheral Resistance
145
Volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins, occurs due to pressure generated by
contractions of the heart’s left ventricle
Venous Return
146
Average pressure difference from venules to RV
16 mmHg and 0 mmHg
147
2 types of pump for venous return
Skeletal
Respiratory
148
What happens to the proximal and distal valves when a person is standing at rest?
both valves are closed
149
What happens to the proximal and distal valves when a person tip toes?
Closing of the distal and opening of the proximal
150
What happens in a respiratory pump during inhalation?
Decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity
Increased pressure in the abdominal cavity
151
How does blood move during respiratory pump?
Once abdominal veins are compressed, a greater volume of blood moves from the compressed abdominal veins to the decompressed thoracic veins to the RA.
152
Pressure of fluid given to walls in all directions
Hydrostatic pressure
153
Osmotic pressure by colloids in a solution
Oncotic pressure
154
Pressure difference in arterioles
Higher hydrostatic pressure
Lower oncotic pressure
155
Pressure difference in venules
Lower hydrostatic pressure
Higher oncotic pressure
156
Starling principle
Fluid movements between blood and tissue are determined by differences in hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure between plasma and the fluid outside
157
Four Starling's forces
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium
Oncotic pressure in the capillary
Oncotic pressure in the interstitium
158
The movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid
Capillary exchange
159
The intermittent contraction of the metarterioles and precapillary sphincters
Vasomotion
160
Where does oxygen and nutrients have higher concentration?
Blood then diffuses to interstitial fluid
161
Where does carbon dioxide and wastes have higher concentration?
Interstitial fluid then diffuses to the blood
162
Blood plasma become enclosed within tiny pinocytic vesicles that first enter endothelial cells by endocytosis.
Transcytosis
163
a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction.
Bulk flow
164
Twisted, enlarged veins at the skin surface
Varicosities
