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Cardio > Cardiac Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiac Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic abnormalities in a pt with Hyperlipidemia

A

High serum cholesterol
High LDL
High triglycerides
Low HDL

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2
Q

Side effects of statin therapy

A

Myalgia
Myopathy
Unexplained fever
Nausea
Vomiting

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3
Q

RF of Statin-induced side-effects

A

> 80 y/o
Small body
Kidney or liver dse
Polypharmacy
Alcohol abuse

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4
Q

A condition wherein a person has dark urine

A

Myoglobinuria

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5
Q

Hardening of the arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

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6
Q

made up of fats, calcium and fibrous scar
tissue that lines and narrows the arterial lumen

A

Plaque formation

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7
Q

Modifiable RF of CAD

A

Inactivity
Smoking
Cholesterol
High BP
Diabetes
Obesity

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8
Q

Aka Heart Attack

A

Myocardial Infarction

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9
Q

Another term used for Myocardial Infarction

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome

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10
Q

A type of ACS/MI where there is actual necrosis

A

ST-elevated MI

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11
Q

A type of ACS/MI that has good prognosis with medications

A

NSTEMI

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12
Q

An area in infarction where damage is still reversible

A

Zone of Ischemia

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13
Q

An area in infarction where damage is reversible with collateral circulation

A

Zone of Hypoxic Injury

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14
Q

An area in infarction where there is irreversible damage

A

Zone of Infarction

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15
Q

Peak hours of CK-MB

A

14-36 hours

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16
Q

Peak hours of Troponin

A

24-36 hours

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17
Q

Complications of MI

A

Pump failure
Hypovolemia
Cardiogenic shock
Arrythmias
Pericarditis
Sinus Brady

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18
Q

A sudden loss of consciousness that presents with no normal breathing, no circulation, and no movement or coughing

A

Cardiac arrest

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19
Q

Prodromal symptoms of cardiac arrest

A

Pallor
Profuse perspiration
Nausea and vomiting

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20
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium affecting the
parietal and visceral layers

A

Pericarditis

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21
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Pericarditis

A

Substernal radiating pain to the neck and back
Difficulty in swallowing
Pain exacerbated by leaning forward or sitting upright

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22
Q

Pericardial fluid build up overtime

A

Pericardial effusion

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23
Q

Sudden fluid accumulation of the heart

A

Acute pericardial tamponade

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24
Q

The heart is unable to pump blood effectively thus cannot meet the metabolic needs of the body.
Ventricular Failure

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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25
Q

A consequence of failure to propel blood out of the heart

A

Congestion

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26
Q

L CHF S/Sx

A

Dyspnea predominated
L-sided s3/s4 gallop
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary edema
Orthopnea, PND

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27
Q

R CHF S/Sx

A

Fluid retention predominated
R-sided s3/s4 gallop
JVD
Cyanosis of nail bed
Hepatojugular reflex
Peripheral edema
Hepatomegaly, ascites

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28
Q

NYHA functional classification with no limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation or dyspnea.

A

NYHA Class I

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29
Q

NYHA functional classification with slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest but ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation or dyspnea

A

NYHA Class II

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30
Q

NYHA functional classification with marked limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest but less than ordinary activity results in fatigue, palpitation or dyspnea.

A

NYHA Class III

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31
Q

NYHA functional classification with inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort

A

NYHA Class IV

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32
Q

Max METs for NYHA Class I patients

A

6.5 METs

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33
Q

Max METs for NYHA Class II patients

A

4.5 METs

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34
Q

Max METs for NYHA Class III patients

A

3.0 METs

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35
Q

Max METs for NYHA Class IV patients

A

1.5 METs

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36
Q

Abnormal function of the heart muscle

A

Cardiomyopathy

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37
Q

Characteristics of a Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Pathophy: Impaired systolic function
EF: < 30%
LV wall dimension: Dilated
LV thickness: Thin walls
Sx: Exertional dyspnea

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38
Q

Characteristics of a Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A

Pathophy: Impaired ventricular filling
EF: 25-50%
LV wall dimension: Normal to decreased
LV thickness: Normal to increased
Sx: Exertional dyspnea + RH failure

39
Q

Characteristics of a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

Pathophy: Septum hypertrophy
EF: > 60%
LV wall dimension: Decreased
LV thickness: Thick
Sx: Exertional dyspnea + Angina, Syncope

40
Q

An abnormal dilation in the wall of an artery, vein, or the heart due to the weakening of the vessel or heart wall

A

Aneurysm

41
Q

Causes of Aneurysm

A

Trauma
Congenital vascular conditions
Infection
Atherosclerosis

42
Q

m/c type of aneurysm

A

Abdominal aortic

43
Q

In what population do Thoracic aneurysms commonly occur?

A

Hypertensive men aged 40-70 y/o

44
Q

In what structures do Thoracic aneurysms occur?

A

Ascending arch or descending aorta above the diaphragm

45
Q

A type of aneurysm that presents with an easily palpable pulse

A

Peripheral aneurysm

46
Q

m/c site of peripheral aneurysm

A

Popliteal artery

47
Q

m/c site of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

A

Just below the kidney

48
Q

An infection caused exclusively by group A Streptococci bacteria

A

Rheumatic Fever

49
Q

2 m/c S/Sx of Rheumatic Fever

A

Fever
Joint pain

50
Q

Progression of Rheumatic Fever

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

51
Q

Most typical initial clinical presentation of Rheumatic Fever

A

Sore throat
Gradual onset of painful migratory jt pains after 2-3 weeks

52
Q

Criteria for diagnosing Rheumatic Fever

A

Jones Criteria

53
Q

Hard, painless, non-pruritic, mobile nodules over bony prominence and extensor surfaces

A

Subcutaneous nodule

54
Q

Annular, evanescent eruptions with erythematous serpiginous borders and central clearing

A

Erythema Marginatum

55
Q

Bacterial or fungal infection of the heart causing inflammation of the cardiac endothelium and damaging the tricuspid, aortic or mitral valves

A

Infective Endocarditis

56
Q

S/Sx of Infective Endocarditis

A

Arthralgia
Arthritis
Msk symptoms
LBP
Myalgia

57
Q

m/c site affected by Infective Endocarditis

A

Sh > Knee > Hip > Wrist > Ankle > MTT > MCP > AC

58
Q

Criteria for diagnosing Infective Endocarditis

A

Duke’s Criteria

59
Q

Components of Duke’s criteria

A

Fever
Roth Spot
Osler node
Murmur
Janeway Lesion
Anemia
Nail bed hemorrhage
Emboli

60
Q

bulging of the valve leaflets that leads to insufficiency

A

Valvular prolapse

61
Q

Another name for Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

Floppy valve syndrome
Barlow’s syndrome
Click-murmur

62
Q

Triad of symptoms in Mitral Valve prolapse

A

Dyspnea
Palpitation
Fatigue

63
Q

Abnormal hole or opening of the fossa ovalis

A

Atrial Septal Defect

64
Q

Complication of Atrial Septal Defect

A

R-sided heart failure

65
Q

Is Atrial Septal Defect Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

66
Q

Abnormal opening in the ventricular septum, abnormally seen in babies

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

67
Q

Is Ventricular Septal Defect Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

68
Q

Condition commonly associated with Ventricular Septal Defect

A

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

69
Q

S/Sx of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary Trunk Stenosis (most impactful)
Aortic overriding
RV hypertrophy
IVSD

70
Q

Is Tetralogy of Fallot Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

A

Cyanotic

71
Q

Children with Tetralogy of Fallot exhibit bluish skin during episodes of crying or feeding.

A

Tet spell

72
Q

Intervention of children with Tet spell

A

Position knee to chest
Oxygenate
Sedate
Hydrate

73
Q

Presentation of ToF in X-ray

A

Boot-shaped heart

74
Q

The ductus arteriosus fails to close properly, resulting in a persistent connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

75
Q

Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic to Cyanotic

76
Q

Narrowing of the aorta commonly AFTER the (L) subclavian artery

A

Coarctation of Aorta

77
Q

The pulmonary valve is closed, leading to the backflow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium

A

Pulmonary Atresia

78
Q

How does the heart compensate for Pulmonary Atresia?

A

Concomitant Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen Ovale compensation

79
Q

Is Pulmonary Atresia Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

A

Cyanotic

80
Q

The tricuspid valve is closed and patent foramen ovale

A

Tricuspid Atresia

81
Q

The aorta and pulmonary trunk are switched, leading to the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arising from the left ventricle.

A

Transposition of Great Arteries/Vessels

82
Q

Presentation of TGA in the X-Ray

A

Egg on a String

83
Q

The aorta and pulmonary trunk fuse into one

A

Truncus Arteriosus

84
Q

Damaged myocardial tissue from a previous MI can cause the atria or ventricles to fire dysregulated
impulses that disrupt the normal conduction pathway.

A

Fibrillations

85
Q

The most common cardiac dysrhythmia

A

Atrial Fibrillation

86
Q

More dangerous and lethal dysrhytmia

A

Ventricular fibrillation

87
Q

Represents atrial depolarization in the ECG

A

P wave

88
Q

Represents atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization in the ECG

A

QRS complex

89
Q

Represents ventricular repolarization in the ECG

A

T-wave

90
Q

Represents the beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization in the ECG

A

PR interval

91
Q

Represents the end of ventricular depolarization and beginning of ventricular repolarization

A

ST segment

92
Q

Represents ventricular depolarization to repolarization in the ECG

A

QT interval

93
Q

How many boxes does the QRS complex usually take up?

A

< 3 squares

94
Q

3 types of ECG leads

A

Standard limb
Augmented limb
Precordial Limb

Cardio (15 decks)

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