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Pathophysiology > Pulmonary II > Flashcards

Pulmonary II Flashcards

1
Q

Destructive enzymes break down alveolar
walls, leading to: floppy airway (more compliance), air trapping and
decreased SA for gas exchange in which condition?
A. Emphysema
B. COPD
C. CHF
D. PE

A

A. Emphysema

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2
Q

What’s the difference between Centrilobular and Panacinar pneumonia?

A

Centrilobular affects bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

Panacinar affects alveolar ducts and alveolus

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3
Q

Genetic mutations in α1 anti-trypsin, smoking,
exposure to 2nd hand smoke or air pollution are risk factors for which two conditions?

A

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

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4
Q

Which condition is characterized by diminished mucocilliary escalator function +
hypertrophy of goblet and bronchiolar smooth
muscle cells?
A. Lung Cancer
B. Pleural Effusion
C. CHF
D. Pneumothorax
E. Chronic Bronchitis

A

E. Chronic Bronchitis

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5
Q

Which condition is associated with chronic infection, which leads to chronic AIRWAY inflammation and
AIR TRAPPING secondary to SECRETION RETENTION?

A

Chronic Bronchitis

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6
Q

In which condition do irritants (allergens, pollution, dust, etc…) lead to reversible inflammatory response in bronchioles?
A. Lung Cancer
B. Pleural Effusion
C. CHF
D. Pneumothorax
E. Asthma

A

E. Asthma

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7
Q

True or False:
Respiratory infection and air temperature contributes to developing asthma

A

True!

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8
Q

How is bronchial smooth muscle affected in asthmatics?

A

Bronchial SM constricts
constricts, leading to air trapping & alveolar hyperinflation

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9
Q

Which two factors lead to fluid infiltration, as
seen in asthma?

A
  1. Increased in mucous production
  2. Bronchiolar, mucosal inflammation + thickening
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10
Q

Aphasia, immobilization, malnutrition, COPD, heart disease,
AIDS, and being asplenic are risk factors for:
A. Lung Cancer
B. Pleural Effusion
C. CHF
D. Pneumothorax
E. Pneumonia

A

E. Pneumonia

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11
Q

True or False: CHF is an inflammatory reaction of the distal airway to insult/microorganism

A

False - pneumonia

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12
Q

____ evolves in stages, often following a viral infection

A

Pneumonia

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13
Q

____ is a severe, systemic or
pulmonary insult resulting in
strong inflammatory or
immune response

A

ARDS

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14
Q

Having pancreatitis, pneumonia, acute
renal failure, or shock can make you more likely to develop ____

A

ARDS

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15
Q

Thickening of inter-alveolar-capillary space, as well as pulmonary edema, fibrosis, and stiff lung (reduced
compliance) are features of which condition:
A. Pleural Effusion
B. COPD
C. ARDS
D. Asthma

A

C. ARDS

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16
Q

Which cytokine plays a major role in the intense cytokine-induced inflammation associated with ARDS?

A

IL-8

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17
Q

Effects of IL-8 in ARDS?

A

Antibodies forming immune complexes

IC:
1) attract/activate neutrophils
2) trigger edema, fibrosis &
hypoxia

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18
Q

Increased lung stiffness (↓ compliance), ↑ work of breathing is characteristic of _____

A

ARDS

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19
Q

True or False: Productive cough, cyanosis, crackles, chest pain, and low BP are associated with ARDS

A

True

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20
Q

____typically starts as “coin lesion” along bronchi with mix of
cartilage and epithelial cells

A

Lung cancer

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21
Q

Skin flushing, diarrhea, dyspnea & asthma-like
symptoms, tachycardia; Cushing syndrome, hyper/hypocalcemia,
weight loss, and cachexia are parneoplasic effects, as seen in: ______

A

Lung Cancer

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22
Q

____: Sudden, life-threatening occlusion of a
pulmonary artery by embolism or thrombus.
Leads to ventilation-perfusion mismatching

A

PE

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23
Q

Deconditioning, HTN, smoking, diabetes,
atherosclerosis, obesity, hyperlipidemia, MI,
valvular heart disease, viral or bacterial
infections, hyper/hypothyroidism are risk factors associated with:

A

CHF

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24
Q

Which condition typically takes years
to develop (5-30 years), but can occur acutely w/infection?

A. CHF
B. Asthma
C. PE

A

A. CHF

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25
Q

True or False: Exercise intolerance, edema, and SOB are characteristic of CHF

A

True

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26
Q

Blood “backs up” into pulmonary/systemic system/both and heart & vasculature undergoes remodeling in which condition?

A

CHF

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27
Q

Contusion/trauma, COPD, connective
tissue disorders, TB, and tall stature are risk factors for:

A

Pneumothroax

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28
Q

True or False: There is ventilation: perfusion mismatching in pneumothroax

A

True

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29
Q

Pneumonia, connective tissue disorder (RA,
SLE, etc…), CHF, lymphedema, neoplasm, TB, and
pancreatitis are risk factors for:
A. PE
B. CHF
C. Pleuritis/Pleural Effusion
D. Pneumonia

A

C. Pleuritis/Pleural Effusion

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30
Q

Which condition may have insidious onset and mimic, musculoskeletal pain
except pain related to breathing cycle?
A. PE
B. CHF
C. Pleuritis/Pleural Effusion
D. Pneumonia

A

C. Pleuritis/Pleural Effusion

31
Q

What causes the transudative/exudative fluid in pleural space, as seen in pleural effusion?

A

Inflammatory condition or infection
(pneumonia)

32
Q

Which condition is associated with thickened, stiff, and scarred lung?
A. Emphysema
B. Pulmonary Fibrosis
C. Pleural Effusion

A

B. Pulmonary Fibrosis

33
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis typically arises from an inflammatory process
that is triggered by ____, ____, or _____

A

pneumonia, irritants, or auto-immune disorder

34
Q

True or False: Increased lung stiffness, decreased
diffusion capacity and SOB, especially with expiration is characteristic of pulmonary edema

A

False - of Pulmonary Fibrosis

35
Q

Although emphysema and chronic bronchitis are similar, in the prior one has a ___ complexion while in the latter one is ____

A

pink; cyanotic

36
Q

Wheezing, hyper-inflated lung/barrel chest, flat diaphragm,
hypercapnia, and hypoxemia are characteristic of which two pulmonary disorders?

A

Emphysema / Chronic Bronchitis

37
Q

True or False: Emphysema may or may not have productive cough

A

True

38
Q

Productive cough (worse in AM) that is accompanied by bad breath suggets:

A

Chronic Bronchitits

39
Q

True or False: Heart failure develops later in emphysema and chronic bronchitis

A

True

40
Q

Which disorder occurs acutely with wheezing?

A

Asthma

41
Q

Which disorder is common in patients with prolonged
bed rest, immune-suppressed patients, elderly, very
young, exposure to pt with TB or other respiratory
infectious agent, aspiration?

A

Pneumonia

42
Q

High fever, crackles/wheezing/ diminished breath
sounds, as well as productive couch, hemoptysis, and chest pain are associated with which condition?

A

Pneumonia

43
Q

Weight loss, cachexia, wheezing/crackling, and hemoptysis suggests:

A

Lung Cancer

44
Q

____: Develops acutely in patients on prolonged bed
rest, with presence of DVT, s/p air travel or with
coagulation dx

A

PE

45
Q

_____ is a slowly developing condition associated with fatigue, SOB, wt. loss/gain (with fluid retention), peripheral edema, decreased exercise tolerance, etc.

A

CHF

46
Q

Kerley B-lines suggest:

A

CHF

47
Q

SOB (primary symptom), hemoptysis and chest pain (unilateral) are associated with which condition?

A

PE

48
Q

Acute onset of cyanosis, anxiety, midline shift, and stridor suggests which pulmonary condition?

A

Pneumothorax

49
Q

Which condition can be caused by pneumonia, CHF, respiratory
disease, prolonged or protracted illness, connective
tissue disorders and rheumatoid disorders?

A

Pleural Effusion

50
Q

Diminished breath sounds over lower lobes, accompanied by chest pain with inspiration or
expiration, SOB, possible fever suggests:

A

Pleural Effusion

51
Q

Prolonged expose to industrial air pollution,
dust or smoking and h/o autoimmune disorder suggests:

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis

52
Q

True or False: In COVID-19, there’s a mismatch between severity of hypoxemia and
calculated stiffness

A

True

53
Q

What is shown?
A. Kerley B Lines
B. Air bronchogram
C. Silhouette Sign
D. Midline Shift

A

B. Air bronchogram

54
Q

What is shown?
A. Kerley B Lines
B. Air bronchogram
C. Silhouette Sign
D. Midline Shift

A

A. Kerley B Lines

55
Q

What are 4 noteworthy features in this COVID patient’s lungs?

A
  • Hyperinflation
  • Flat diaphragm,
  • Barrel chest
  • Prominent
    vascular markings
56
Q

Which condition is present?

A

COVID-19

57
Q

Which condition is present?

A

Pneumonia

58
Q

Which condition is this?

A
59
Q

Which condition is visible

A

Pneumonia

60
Q

What dose this lacey appearance suggest?

A

Pneumonia

61
Q

Which condition is shown?

A

ARDS (ground glass)

62
Q

Which condition is shown

A

ARDS (ground glass)

63
Q

Which condition is visible?

A

COVID-19

64
Q

Which signs are present? What is this condition?

A

Meniscus Sign + Silhouette Sign; Pleuritis;

Cause
- Autoimmune disease
- Heart failure
- Lung disease
- Infection

65
Q

Which condition is this?

A

CHF/Pulmonary Edema

-note: enlarged heart

66
Q

Which condition is this?

A

Lung Cancer

67
Q

True or False: This shows an adenocarcinoma

A

True

68
Q

True or False: This shows TB in R middle lobe

A

True

69
Q

What condition is this?

A

Pneumonia

70
Q

Which condition is this?

A

Pleural effusion (pulm edema) in HF

71
Q

Which condition is this?

A

Lung Cancer

72
Q

Which condition is this?

A

Pulmonary embolism

73
Q

Which condition is this?

A

Pneumothorax

74
Q

Which condition is this?

A

COVID-19 ARDS

Pathophysiology (26 decks)

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