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Pathophysiology > L39 and 40: Opthalmic > Flashcards

L39 and 40: Opthalmic Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Blue light has greater frequency but shorter wavelength compared to red light

A

True

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2
Q

How does frequency change when wavelength increases?

A

As wavelength increases, frequency decreases

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3
Q

Light is focused onto the ____, where rods detect ___ and cones detect wavelength

A

retina; light/dark; wavelength

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4
Q

True or False: Green + Red light is detected as yellow light

A

True

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5
Q

ok

A
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6
Q

When you look at a distant object, there are nearly parallel rays, which mean the image on your retina is:

A

Inverted and real

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7
Q

_____: light bounces off of a surface back toward the source

_______: waves are deflected
when they pass through media with
different densities

______: waves flare out as they
pass through a small opening and
bend around obstacles

A

Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction

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8
Q

True or False: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

A

True

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9
Q

A characteristic of waves is their ability to bend
around disruptive obstacles, which is known as ____

A

diffraction

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10
Q

When does diffraction most notably occur?

A

When wavelength and barrier are roughly the same size

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11
Q

Why can’t you see around a wall but you can hear around a wall?

A

Light wavelengths are much smaller than sound waves

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12
Q

True or False: In any medium, light speeds up

A

False - it slows down

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13
Q

How does the reflective index affect the speed at which light slows down?

A

The higher the refractive index (𝑛), the more light
slows down (𝑣)

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14
Q

When light moves to a new medium, the slow
down causes the waves to __

A

bend

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15
Q

When light moves from air to water and back to air, that’s an example of ____
A. diffraction
B. refraction
C. reflection

A

B. refraction

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16
Q

When light moves from water to air, light slows down and bends _____ normal

When light leaves water and enters air, it speeds up again and bends ____ from normal

A. towards; away
B. away; towards
C. away; away
D. towards; towards

A

A. towards; away

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17
Q

What is the function of a lens?

A

Focus light

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18
Q

Your eyes are an example of….
A. divergent lens
B. convergent lens

A

B. convergent lens

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19
Q

Using convergent lenses, light is refracted and directed to a central __ ___ behind your lens

A

focal point

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20
Q

Any incident wave of light traveling ____ to the axis of a convergent lens will pass through the focal point
A. perpendicular
B. parallel

A

B. parallel

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21
Q

Any incident wave of light traveling through a focal point in FRONT of the convergent lens will ___ and travel ___ to the axis upon exiting the lens

A

refract; parallel

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22
Q

True or False: With Divergent Lenses, light is refracted and directed outward behind the lens

A

True

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23
Q

True or False: Divergent lenses have a focal point that is in FRONT of the lens

A

True

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24
Q

Any incident light traveling ____ to a divergent lens will pass through a focal point on the object side of the lens

A

parallel

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25
Q

Any incident wave of light traveling parallel to the axis of a divergent lens will ___ and travel in line to the ___
focal point

A

refract; front

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26
Q

True or False: Any incident wave of light traveling to the rear focal point on the way to a divergent lens will
refract and exit the lens parallel to the axis

A
27
Q

What type of image forms from a single point of light?

A

Real and inverted

28
Q

When you view a NEAR object, the lens is ___ for strong ___ and there are diverging light rays

When you view a DISTANT object, the lens is ___ for weak ____

A

round; refraction
flat; refraction

29
Q

_____ (aka: nearsighted): Type of refractive error where close objects appear normal, but distant ones appear blurry

____ (aka: far sighted): Type of refractive error where distant objects can be seen more easily than closer objects

A

Myopia
Hyperopia

30
Q

True or False: Myopia in children can lead to elongated eye – “myopic eyeball” – which can be treated with atropine drops

A

True

31
Q

Which test measures light sharpness (visual acuity)?

A

Snellen

32
Q

20/200 on snellen suggests ____

A

blindness

33
Q

True or False: 1 meter = 1 diopter and a Diopter = 1/focal distance

A

True

34
Q

f your uncorrected eye is at “61 diopters,” ….
can then treat with an additive __ diopter lens in front of eye

A

-1.0

35
Q

True or False: Lenses can be compounded to work with your cornea and eye. Add prescription lens in front to correct.

A

True

36
Q

Which type of lenses should be used to treat hyperopia?

A

Converging

37
Q

With glasses use, light never emanates from spot but is perceived by an observer as a ___ object in the distance

A

larger

38
Q

Which lens is used to treat Myopia?
A. Convergent
B. Divergent

A

B. Divergent (concave lens)

39
Q

True or False: When one has myopia, light falls too short from retina

A

True
- corrected w concave (divergent) lens

40
Q

Much of the eye’s focusing power initially comes from the ___

A

cornea

41
Q

____ is a refractive eye surgery in which a laser is used to make a corneal flap is made, which reshapes inner cornea stromal layers

A

LASIK

42
Q

_____: Benign material floating in vitreous humor, which is caused by shredded and aggregated collagen fibers

A

Muscae volitantes

43
Q

What can muscae volitantes (floaters) indicate?

A
  1. Retinal detachment
  2. Retinal tear
44
Q

____: Opacities of clouding of lens, due to age or trauma

A

Cataracts

45
Q

True or False: The lens continuously grows

A

True

46
Q

Which cells of the lens maintain a monolayer and display static growth?

A

Epithelial cells maintain a monolayer and display static growth

47
Q

Which cell layer of the lens continues to grow, expand, and change over course of one’s life?
A. Monolayer
B. Interior lens fibers cells
C. Exterior lens fiber cells

A

B. Interior lens fibers cells

48
Q

___ signals may induce differentiation of lens fiber cells

A

TGF-B

49
Q

Expression of which two proteins suggests differentiation of lens fiber cells?

A

Smooth muscle actin and collagen proteins

50
Q

What is the ultimate treatment for cataracts?

A

Cataract surgery

51
Q

Incision in the eye and phacoemulsification of lens are features of ____ surgery

A

cataract

52
Q

True or False: Under normal conditions, there is no blood supply to anterior chamber of eye

A

True

  • Fluid flows continuously into/out of ant chamber
53
Q

Open/Closed-Angle Glaucoma, as well as congenital and normal tension glaucoma can damage the ___ ___, leading to blindness

A

optic nerve

54
Q

True or False: Glaucoma is associated with increased flow

A

False - reduced fluid flow

55
Q

In open‐angle glaucoma, the fluid passes too ___ through the trabecular meshwork

A

slowly

56
Q

True or False: In glaucoma, eye pressure builds up, leading to damaged optic n

A

True

57
Q

What changes occur to the trabecular meshwork in glaucoma?

A

Decreased compliance of ECM, HTM cells, and outflow

Increased stiffness

58
Q

Gradual loss of peripheral vision suggests ….

A

glaucoma

59
Q

How do prostaglandins and cholinergic treat glaucoma?
A. Reduce fluid production
B. Improve flow

A

B. Improve flow

60
Q

How do beta-blockers and alpha adrenergic treat glaucoma?
A. Reduce fluid production
B. Improve flow

A

A. Reduce fluid production

61
Q

True or False: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (oral) reduce fluid production

A

True

62
Q

Trabeculoplasty is a ___ treatment for glaucoma while a Trabeculectomy is a ____ treatment

A

laser; surgery

63
Q

What is the most common diabetic disease, leading to blindness? What changes to the retinal blood vessel are seen?

A

Diabetic Retinopathy
- b.v may swell and leak fluid
- new b.v grow on retina surface

Pathophysiology (26 decks)

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