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Pathophysiology > L33: Neoplasms > Flashcards

L33: Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Prostate cancer is most common cancer in males while breast cancer is most common in females

A

True

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2
Q

True or False: Lung and bronchus cancer are second most common cancer in men and women

A

True

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3
Q

What cancer do most men and women die from?
A. Colon and Rectum
B. Lung and Bronchus

A

B. Lung and Bronchus

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4
Q

True or False: A malignant tumor is aggressive, destroys adjacent tissues, and can spread

A

True

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5
Q

What does the suffix -oma generally suggest about the tumor? Which tumors follow this rule?

A

-Benign
-Mesenchymal derived tumors

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6
Q

___ is a benign tumor with epithelial origin that is derived from glands whereas _____ is a large cystic structure that is commonly found in ovary

A

Adenoma; Cystadenoma

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7
Q

True or False: Sarcoma suggests epithelial cell origin whereas Carcinoma suggests mesenchymal cell origin

A

False -
1) Sarcoma - mesenchymal (bones and soft tissue)
2) Carcinoma - epithelial (lining)

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8
Q

True or False: Epithelial cells have ecto, endo, and mesodermal origin

A

True

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9
Q

Which type of tumor has divergent differentiation a single neoplastic cell?

A

Mixed Tumor

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10
Q

Where do Teratomas originate from?

A

Totipotential cells (ovary or testis)

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11
Q

True or False: Mature teratomas and dermoid cysts are benign while immature teratoma and teratocarcinoma are malignant

A

True

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12
Q

Which tumors can have hair muscle, and bone?

A

Teratoma

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13
Q

Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondromas, and Osteomas are ___ while Fibrosarcomas, Lipsarcomas, Chrondrosarcomas are ____

A

benign; malignant

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14
Q

Squamous cell papilloma, Adenoma, Papilloma are all tumors of ___ origin
A. Mesenchymal
B. Epithelial

A

B. Epithelial

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15
Q

True or False: A Nevus is benign but melanoma is malignant

A

True

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16
Q

Are dermoid cysts and mature teratomas benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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17
Q

Are pleomorphic adenomas benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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18
Q

Are immature teratomas and teratocarcinomas benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

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19
Q

____: The extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble corresponding normal parenchymal cells

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

True or False: In benign tumors are poorly differentiated

A

False - benign tumors are highly differentiated while malignant neoplasms vary from well to undifferentiated

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21
Q

____: Normal assembled, but increased number of cells

____: Disorderly but non-neoplastic

____: Lack of differentiation

_____: Conversion from cell type to another

Match these:
- Hyperplasia
- Anaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Anaplasia
  • Metaplasia
22
Q

Which of the following may be cancer precursor?

A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia

A

B. Dysplasia

23
Q

Dysplasia can be seen in which cancer?
A. Carcinoma
B. Lymphoma
C. Breast Cancer
D. Neuroblastoma

A

A. Carcinoma

24
Q

Lack of differentiation is considered to be a hallmark of ____

A

malignancy

25
Q

Which three morphological changes are assocaited with Anaplasia?

A

1) Loss of polarity
2) Abnormal nuclear morphology
3) Pleomorphism

26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a morphological change associated with Anaplasia?
A. Hypochromatic
B. Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
C. Increased mitosis
D. Multipolar spindles (bizarre)

A

A. Hypochromatic

27
Q

_____: Occurs when one adult cell type is replaced by another. Associated with reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells.

A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia

A

D. Metaplasia

28
Q

Where do metaplasias commonly occur?

A

Epithelial transition zones (esophagus/stomach; cervix/uterus)

29
Q

Barrett’s esophagus is an example of a ____

A

metaplasia

30
Q

By the time a tumor is clinically detectable, the majority of cells are not in the ____ pool

A

replicative

31
Q

True or False: Tumors consist of only proliferative cells

A

False - they do not

32
Q

What cell types does cytotoxic chemotherapy target?

A

Rapidly growing cells
- Hair
- Bone marrow
- Cells in stomach/intestine

33
Q

_____: Cancer ells that are resistant to conventional therapies; thought to be reason that some cancers recurrer

A

Cancer stem cells

34
Q

Where do Cancer Stem Cells arise from?

A

1) Normal tissue stem cells
2) Mutation of normal tissue

35
Q

Features of Cancer Stem Cells?

A

1) Self-renewing
2) Divide asymmetrically

36
Q

Which types of tumors grow as a cohesive mass, localized to site of origin, and develop a FIBROUS CAPSULE (that is derived from atrophy of normal cells due to expanding tumor)?

A. Benign Tumor
B. Malignant Tumor

A

Benign Tumor

37
Q

Which type of tumors are poorly demarcated from surrounding normal tissue, are “pseudo-encapsulated” and difficult to resect?
A. Benign Tumor
B. Malignant Tumor

A

B. Malignant Tumor

38
Q

True or False: In situ epithelial cancers display cytological features of malignancy without invasion of BM

A

True

39
Q

____: Spread of tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous from primary tumor

A

Metastasis

40
Q

What are three ways that tumors can spread?

A

1) Direct seeding via body cavities
2) Lymphatics *
3) Hematogenous spread to liver and lungs

41
Q

Which nodes should you biopsy to look for metastatic cells?

A

Sentinel Nodes

42
Q

What are the four most common sites of metastasis?

A

1) Brain - headache/seizure/vertigo
2) Respiratory - cough/hemoplysis
3) Skeletal - pain/fractures
4) Liver - jaundice/hepatomegaly

43
Q
A

ok

44
Q

Which two features are the most reliable for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors?

A

1) Local Invasion
2) Metastasis

45
Q

TNM System helps to “stage” tumors. What does the T, N, and M stand for?

A

T = Size of primary tumor
N = Regional Lymph Node Involvement
M = Metastases

46
Q

True or False: A Patient with a T4, N3, M2 tumor has a large mass with a great deal of regional lymph node involvement and metastases compared to a person with a T1, N1, M0 (no met) tumor

A

True

47
Q

True or False: Grade 1 breast cancer look normal (well differentiated) and is slow growing while Grade 3 looks very different from normal (poorly differentiated) and grows fast

A

True

48
Q

____ combines grading and TNM classification

A

Staging

49
Q

T1, N0 and M0 correspond to stage _ while T4, N2, and M1 correspond to stage __

A

stage I; stage IV

50
Q

True or False: Most Stage I tumors are curable while most Stage IV tumors are inoperable

A

True

Pathophysiology (26 decks)

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