L33: Neoplasms Flashcards
True or False: Prostate cancer is most common cancer in males while breast cancer is most common in females
True
True or False: Lung and bronchus cancer are second most common cancer in men and women
True
What cancer do most men and women die from?
A. Colon and Rectum
B. Lung and Bronchus
B. Lung and Bronchus
True or False: A malignant tumor is aggressive, destroys adjacent tissues, and can spread
True
What does the suffix -oma generally suggest about the tumor? Which tumors follow this rule?
-Benign
-Mesenchymal derived tumors
___ is a benign tumor with epithelial origin that is derived from glands whereas _____ is a large cystic structure that is commonly found in ovary
Adenoma; Cystadenoma
True or False: Sarcoma suggests epithelial cell origin whereas Carcinoma suggests mesenchymal cell origin
False -
1) Sarcoma - mesenchymal (bones and soft tissue)
2) Carcinoma - epithelial (lining)
True or False: Epithelial cells have ecto, endo, and mesodermal origin
True
Which type of tumor has divergent differentiation a single neoplastic cell?
Mixed Tumor
Where do Teratomas originate from?
Totipotential cells (ovary or testis)
True or False: Mature teratomas and dermoid cysts are benign while immature teratoma and teratocarcinoma are malignant
True
Which tumors can have hair muscle, and bone?
Teratoma
Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondromas, and Osteomas are ___ while Fibrosarcomas, Lipsarcomas, Chrondrosarcomas are ____
benign; malignant
Squamous cell papilloma, Adenoma, Papilloma are all tumors of ___ origin
A. Mesenchymal
B. Epithelial
B. Epithelial
True or False: A Nevus is benign but melanoma is malignant
True
Are dermoid cysts and mature teratomas benign or malignant?
Benign
Are pleomorphic adenomas benign or malignant?
Benign
Are immature teratomas and teratocarcinomas benign or malignant?
Malignant
____: The extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble corresponding normal parenchymal cells
Differentiation
True or False: In benign tumors are poorly differentiated
False - benign tumors are highly differentiated while malignant neoplasms vary from well to undifferentiated
____: Normal assembled, but increased number of cells
____: Disorderly but non-neoplastic
____: Lack of differentiation
_____: Conversion from cell type to another
Match these:
- Hyperplasia
- Anaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
- Anaplasia
- Metaplasia
Which of the following may be cancer precursor?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
Dysplasia can be seen in which cancer?
A. Carcinoma
B. Lymphoma
C. Breast Cancer
D. Neuroblastoma
A. Carcinoma
Lack of differentiation is considered to be a hallmark of ____
malignancy
Which three morphological changes are assocaited with Anaplasia?
1) Loss of polarity
2) Abnormal nuclear morphology
3) Pleomorphism
Which of the following is NOT a morphological change associated with Anaplasia?
A. Hypochromatic
B. Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
C. Increased mitosis
D. Multipolar spindles (bizarre)
A. Hypochromatic
_____: Occurs when one adult cell type is replaced by another. Associated with reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells.
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Where do metaplasias commonly occur?
Epithelial transition zones (esophagus/stomach; cervix/uterus)
Barrett’s esophagus is an example of a ____
metaplasia
By the time a tumor is clinically detectable, the majority of cells are not in the ____ pool
replicative
True or False: Tumors consist of only proliferative cells
False - they do not
What cell types does cytotoxic chemotherapy target?
Rapidly growing cells
- Hair
- Bone marrow
- Cells in stomach/intestine
_____: Cancer ells that are resistant to conventional therapies; thought to be reason that some cancers recurrer
Cancer stem cells
Where do Cancer Stem Cells arise from?
1) Normal tissue stem cells
2) Mutation of normal tissue
Features of Cancer Stem Cells?
1) Self-renewing
2) Divide asymmetrically
Which types of tumors grow as a cohesive mass, localized to site of origin, and develop a FIBROUS CAPSULE (that is derived from atrophy of normal cells due to expanding tumor)?
A. Benign Tumor
B. Malignant Tumor
Benign Tumor
Which type of tumors are poorly demarcated from surrounding normal tissue, are “pseudo-encapsulated” and difficult to resect?
A. Benign Tumor
B. Malignant Tumor
B. Malignant Tumor
True or False: In situ epithelial cancers display cytological features of malignancy without invasion of BM
True
____: Spread of tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous from primary tumor
Metastasis
What are three ways that tumors can spread?
1) Direct seeding via body cavities
2) Lymphatics *
3) Hematogenous spread to liver and lungs
Which nodes should you biopsy to look for metastatic cells?
Sentinel Nodes
What are the four most common sites of metastasis?
1) Brain - headache/seizure/vertigo
2) Respiratory - cough/hemoplysis
3) Skeletal - pain/fractures
4) Liver - jaundice/hepatomegaly
ok
Which two features are the most reliable for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors?
1) Local Invasion
2) Metastasis
TNM System helps to “stage” tumors. What does the T, N, and M stand for?
T = Size of primary tumor
N = Regional Lymph Node Involvement
M = Metastases
True or False: A Patient with a T4, N3, M2 tumor has a large mass with a great deal of regional lymph node involvement and metastases compared to a person with a T1, N1, M0 (no met) tumor
True
True or False: Grade 1 breast cancer look normal (well differentiated) and is slow growing while Grade 3 looks very different from normal (poorly differentiated) and grows fast
True
____ combines grading and TNM classification
Staging
T1, N0 and M0 correspond to stage _ while T4, N2, and M1 correspond to stage __
stage I; stage IV
True or False: Most Stage I tumors are curable while most Stage IV tumors are inoperable
True
