L5 Flashcards
Functional roles of adipose tissue (5)?
1) Energy storage
2) Insulation from extreme temperature
3) Cushion organs
4) Secrete hormone
Adipose tissue stores ___ in cytoplasmic droplets and is coated by phospholipase and proteins, such as _____
TG; perilipin
Periplipin, which is a protein that coats adipose cells, can be phosphorylated by ___ and ___, which allows for lipolysis
PKA and PKG
____ is a type of adipose that is primarily used for storage and is excellent at sequestering FFA
A. Visceral
B. SC
C. Brown
D. Beige
E. White
E. White
_____ is a type of adipose that has more mitochondria, which is required for thermogenesis
A. Visceral
B. SC
C. Brown
D. Beige
E. White
C. Brown
Which fat absorbs more FFA and TF and is better at differentiating pre-adipocytes
A. Visceral Fat
B. SC
C. Brown
B. SC
___ is a type of fat that drains through the portal circulation (to the liver) and is highly associated with risk of disease
A. Visceral
B. SC
C. Brown
D. Beige
E. White
A. Visceral
There is more lipolysis in ____ adipose tissue, which leads to excess release of FFA, and insulin resistance
Visceral Adipose
True or False: SC adipose tissue is highly metabolically active and contains inflammatory and immune cells
False - these are features of visceral adipose tissue
Increased levels of hypoxia, fibrosis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as enlargement of fat cells, and decreased insulin sensitivity is found in:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
A. Hypertrophy
Decreased hypoxia, fibrosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as increased insulin sensitivity is present in:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
B. Hyperplasia
True or False: T2DM, cancer, GERD, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis are comorbitities of obesity
True
Diet, physical activity, sleep, and social factors are examples of ___ risk factor of obestity
modifiable
What four major factors determine body weight?
1) genetics
2) physical activity
3) resting metabolic rate (metabolic set point)
4) food intake regulation
- leptin
True or False: Obesity Class I corresponds to a BMI of 30-34.9 while Class II corresponds to 35-39.9
True
______ makes up 60 to 70% of the total energy expenditure and is the energy one expends to maintain body temp and organ function
A. Resting Metabolic Rate
B. Thermic Effect of Food (Diet Induced Thermogenesis)
C. Physical Activity
A. Resting Metabolic Rate
____ makes up 10% of the energy expenditure and is used for digestion and absorption
A. Resting Metabolic Rate
B. Thermic Effect of Food (Diet Induced Thermogenesis)
C. Physical Activity
B. Thermic Effect of Food (Diet Induced Thermogenesis)
True or False: Maternal hyperglycemia could lead to macrosomia
True
True or False: Adipocytes store TG in fat vacuoles
True
True or False: Adipose tissue consists of: stem cells, preadipocytes, adipocytes, and macrophages
True
Which cell type is most predominant in adult human white adipose tissue?
A. Infiltrated macrophages
B. Preadipocytes
C. Adipocytes
C. Adipocytes
True or False: Adipose tissues undergoes cell:cell communication in a paracrine and autocrine manner
True
___ describes enlargement of fat cells while ___ describes cell proliferation and expansion
Hypertrophy; hyperplasia
True or False: M2 macrophages are pro-inflammatory while M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory
False
M1 = pro-inflammatory
M2 = anti-inflammation
True or False: LPS induces inflammation to a greater degree in preadipocytes than adipocytes
True
Which molecule does trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increase cytokine expression in to a greater degree: adipocytes or pre-adipocytes?
Adipocytes
How does insulin typically affect FA uptake and fat storage?
Insulin
- increases FA uptake
- increases fat storage
One of the consequences of lack of insulin function is increased activation of HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) - what are the effects of HSL?
1) TG’s are broken down to FFA
2) FFA released as energy
Why is increased lipolysis in adipose tissue a bad thin?
Leads to increased fat and FFA’s in blood
True or False: White adipose tissue acts as an endocrine gland
True - secrete leptin, adiponectin, etc
Signals from white adipose tissue, such as ___, communicate with the brain to decrease food intake
Leptin
Three major consequences of obestity?
1) Insulin resistance
2) Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction
3) T2DM
