Pulm Physiology Review

Question 1

What chemical Factor is the main driver of respiration?

Answer 1

PCO2 stimulates central chemoreceptors

Question 2

What is the pathway to increase PO2?

Answer 2

General Chemoreceptor stim
Central Pattern Generator and Higher CNS
Spinal Cord
Resp Muscles
Chest Wall, diaphragm, airways
Inc Ventilation

Question 3

How is resistance to Airflow increased in Obstructive Lung diseases?

Answer 3

Inflmmation of Bronch Epi- bronchitis
Secretions from epithelium (asthma, infection, Dec cilia)
Constriction of smooth muscle-asthma
Physical Blockade: Tumors, Apiration

Question 4

What are the diseases caused by Obstructions from conditions in the airway wall?

Answer 4

Asthma
Acute Bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis

Question 5

What are the diseases caused by Obstructions from loss of lung parenchyma?

Answer 5

Emphysema

Question 6

What are the diseases caused by Obstructions fromobstruction of the airway lumen?

Answer 6

Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis
Cystic Fibrosis
Acute Tracheobronchial Obstruction
Epiglottitis
Croup

Question 7

What is the composition of the Respiratory membrane?

Answer 7

Fluid layer with surfactant
Alveolar Epi
Epithelial Basement Mem
Interstitial Space
Capillary basement mem.
Capillary endothelial mem

Question 8

What is Goodpasture’s syndrome?

Answer 8

AI disease that causes Destruction of Collagen in the alveolar membrane

Question 9

What are changes of the Lung interstitium in disease?

Answer 9

Normally very small.

Becomes enlarged with inflammatory cells and edema leading to interference with gas exchange

Question 10

What is the effect of partial pressure difference between alveoli and blood?

Answer 10

Positive relationship with Rate of diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane

Question 11

What will increase Delta P?

Answer 11

High altitude
O2 mask
Fi O2
Restrictive lung disease

Question 12

What is the relationship between Surface area/distance between membranes and Diffusion?

Answer 12

Area: Positive relationship
Distance: Negative Relationship

Question 13

What happens inside the lung during left heart failure?

Answer 13

Hydrostatic Pressure increases in the pulmonary capillaries which will drive fluid into the Pleural Space. Diffusion rate will decrease.

Question 14

What are causes of pleural effusion?

Answer 14

Congestive Heart failure
Decreased microvascular Oncotic Pressure
Decreased pleural pressure (atelectasis)
Blockade of lymphatic drainage (tumors)

Question 15

What is Lung Compliance?

Answer 15

How much the lung expands in response to each unit of transpulmonary pressure?
Reflects lung distensibiity

Question 16

What are determinants of Lung compliance?

Answer 16

Elastic Forces of lung tissue
Elastin and Collagen
Elastic Forces of Surface tension

Question 17

What is the relationship between Compliance and Elasticity?

Answer 17

They are the inverse of each other

Question 18

What are the (Restrictive) lung parenchyma disorders?

Answer 18

Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Diseases

Atelectatic Disorders

Question 19

What are the (Restrictive) Pleural Space disorders?

Answer 19

Pneumothorax, pleural effusion

Question 20

What are features of the Pulmonary Circulation?

Answer 20

Largest Vascular Bed
Highly Compliant Vessels
Accomodates entire Cardiac OP

Question 21

What are features of the Bronchial Circulation?

Answer 21

1-2% of cardiac output
empty into pulmonary veins systemic circulation
Generates Physiological Shunt

Question 22

What is the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia?

Answer 22

Vasoconstriction
walls thicken over time
Right Heart Hypertrophies in response to increased resistance

Question 23

What is the average normal V/Q ratio?

Answer 23

0.8

can be as high as 1

Question 24

Which Lung volume cannot be measured by Spirometry?

Answer 24

Residual Volume
Generated within the first few breaths of life.
Reduces effort to initally expand the lung