Public Speaking Midterm Flashcards
The Philosophers – know their ideas/beliefs about a good public speaker – p. 6-7
Pericles – participative democracy
Aristotle – systematic study of public speaking
Aristotle’s Proofs:
Logos: use of logic as proof
Pathos: use of emotion
Ethos: use of ethics/credibility
Mythos: use of traditions/stories
Cicero – speaker should be broadly educated and understand culture and values of audience
Plato – speaker’s message should help listeners become better citizens and people
Speaker –
Audience –
Message –
initiates the message
listener
main ideas speaker wants to convey
Channel –
Interference –
Setting –
Feedback –
medium that conveys the message to listeners
distractions/noise that can disrupt the process
physical & psychological context of the speech
speaker’s perception of audience reactions to the message
When it comes to Finding Your Ethical Voice, you must do the following:
*Respect the Integrity of Ideas and Information
Speak from responsible knowledge
Know main points of concern
Understand what experts say
Appreciate differing points of view
Be aware of recent events
Realize how you can affect listeners
*Respect for the Integrity of Ideas and Information continued
Use communication techniques carefully
Do not quote out of context
How to Avoid academic dishonesty & plagiarism:
Don’t present or summarize someone else’s speech, article, or essay as though it were your own. CITE SOURCES!
Draw information and ideas from a variety of sources, and then interpret them to create your own point of view.
Don’t parrot other people’s language and ideas without giving them credit.
Do not recycle work from other classes without checking with your instructor and then sufficiently reworking it.
Demonstrate a Genuine Concern for Consequences – how messages influence audience and community
The Shared Responsibilities of Listeners
Provide attentive feedback
Listen critically and constructively
Communication Apprehension
Types
Anticipatory anxiety - before
Presentation anxiety - during
Natural: approximately 75% of people
Advantageous: channel into positive energy to enliven presentation
External Factors
An unfamiliar situation
The importance of the occasion
Internal Factors
Perfectionism
Misconceptions about the audience
Illusion of transparency
Self-sabotage
Managing Your Communication Apprehension:
General Advice
Do not cut back on practice
No cure, but can be controlled
Techniques work best in combination
Developing a Communication Orientation
Move from “I” to “we” emphasis
Focus on your audience
What does your speech offer listeners?
What new understanding can you provide?
Emphasize interaction over performance
Enlarged conversation
Cognitive Restructuring
Replace negative thoughts with positive rejoinders
Rethink such conceptions as:
I’ll embarrass myself.
My mind will go blank.
I’ll make a bad grade if I’m nervous.
Visualization
Envision yourself speaking effectively
Step by step through the entire speech
Calms the nerves and focuses you for success
Popular with athletes and performing artists
Selective Relaxation
Find a quiet place.
Tense and relax different muscle groups.
Concentrate on breathing deeply.
Repeat steps 1 through 4.
Education, Preparation, and Practice
Develop skills in class
Choose quality topics
Become responsibly informed
Organize materials
Adapt ideas to audience
Present extemporaneously
Practice alone and with audience
Review the Benefits of taking a Public Speaking Course:
Personal benefits – in school and work
Social benefits – public discussions
Cultural benefits – develop cultural sensitivity and “other orientation” to see other points of view
Public speaking classes are valuable because
effective speakers tend to be more successful
they contribute to your personal growth
they make for better democratic citizens
all of the above are correct
all of the above are correct
A speaker must have a ____________, which would be the main ideas and information the speaker wants to convey.
message
Distractions that disrupt the flow of a message are called
interference/noise
Speaking from responsible knowledge includes which of the following?
knowing the main points of concern about your topic
understand what experts say about the topic
being aware of recent discoveries about your topic
all of these are part of having responsible knowledge about your topic
all of these are part of having responsible knowledge about your topic
The best way to avoid plagiarism is
always provide oral citations when you use material from another source
Those unpleasant feelings and fears you may experience before or during a presentation are called:
communication apprehension
Cognitive restructuring means that you
consciously change negative messages to positive messages.
A good speech topic should do which of the following?
Involve you (a topic that interests you)
Engage your listeners
Be one you can manage.
All of these are qualities a good topic should have.
All of these are qualities a good topic should have.
The ___________ is the speaker’s particular goal or the response that the speaker wants to evoke from the audience.
specific purpose
The _______ statement summarizes in a single sentence the central idea or message of your speech.
thesis
When testing your specific purpose, you want to make sure you meet the test of relevancy. Relevancy means which of the following?
The audience can relate to your topic or they might find it interesting.
The triviality trap means that a topic
Does not give important information, insights, or advice
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for choosing a good speech topic
A good topic must be one the audience knows about
A good topic will involve you
A good topic will involve the listeners
A good topic will be one you can manage
A good topic must be one the audience knows about
Which of these is a trivial topic
How to make Kool Aid.
The _____________ purpose is the speaker’s intention to inform or persuade listeners or to commemorate some person or occasion.
general
Responsible knowledge includes having information on each of these, EXCEPT
what your friends think about the topic
As valuable as it is, personal experience is rarely sufficient to provide all the information you will need for your speech.
True
To evaluate what you discover when you start researching your speech, you should consider which of the following?
The relevance of the material.
Whether the material is representative of a reality.
How recent and reliable the research is.
all of these factors should be considered when evaluating your research.
all of these factors should be considered when evaluating your research.
When evaluating online resources, one of the first things to keep in mind is
Virtually anyone can put anything on the Internet.
Which of these is a general search engine?
When evaluating Internet research materials, the criteria of authority means that you are evaluating
the credentials of the author and sponsor of the website.
Why should you be careful about using material from personal web pages?
There are no controls over what is posted.
_____________ is a criterion for evaluating whether or not a source provides an unbiased or balanced perspective.
Objectivity
The purpose of an advocacy website is to
influence attitudes or behaviors
The purpose of an information website is to
share knowledge
When structuring and outlining your speech you should limit your main points and keep them short and direct so they are easier for your audience to follow. This is called:
simplicity
A speech has _________ when a consistent pattern is used to develop a speech.
order
Which part of the speech should be the longest?
Body
The ___________ are the most important ideas developed in support of your thesis statement in your speech.
main points
Which organizational design discusses the main points as they occur in physical space
Spatial
Which organizational design gives the steps of a process in the order in which they should be taken?
Sequential
A tentative plan for organizing your speech is called a
Working outline
_____________ speech design explains the events or historical developments in the order in which they occurred.
chronological
The _________ are the major divisions of a speech’s main points.
subpoints
The principle of ________ requires that supporting ideas and materials descend in importance from the general to the specific
subordination
A verbal or non-verbal cue that lets your audience know you are finished making one point and are moving on to the next is called a
transition
Which of these is a purpose of a speech introduction?
capture the audience’s attetnion
establish speaker credibility
preview the message
all of these are purposes of the introduction of a speech
all of these are purposes of the introduction of a speech
Which of these is NOT a good way to begin a speech?
saying “My speech is about…”
Which of these is a way to establish personal credibility as a speaker?
explain any personal experience you have with the topic and point out that you have researched the topic
The _________ section of the introduction identifies the main points to be developed in the body of the speech and presents an overview of the speech to follow.
preview
Which of these is a purpose of the speech conclusion?
summarize the main points of the speech
Which of these is NOT a suggestion for ending a speech?
saying “The End.”
Which of these should be included in the heading of the formal outline as part of your planning, but not said in the actual speech?
specific purpose
Each main point and subpoint in a formal outline should be worded as
a complete simple sentence
A clearly structured body of a formal outline should use which of the following to label the main points of your speech?
Roman numerals (I,II,III)
When preparing an infomative speech, you should first ask yourself whether your topic is _______________ enough
Significant
To motivate listeners, you must tell them why
Your message is important to them
_____________ speaking functions to enlighten listeners by sharing ideas and information.
informative
The type of design that typically presents steps in a process is ______________ design
Sequential
The type of design that follows events in the order in which they occurred is ______________ design
Chronological
An informative speech that shows the audience how to do something is called a speech of
demonstration
An informative speech that offers information about the nature, workings, and implications of abstract and complex subjects is called a speech of
explanation
We can learn from successful speakers that we must select ___________ topics
good
We can learn from successful speakers that we must use __________ well
time
We can learn from successful speakers that we must put a lot of ________________ into the presentation
energy
General characteristics of listeners including age, gender, sexual orientation, education, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic background and group affiliations are called:
demographics
Strong thoughts and feelings that we have developed about a subject is known as a(n)
attitude
What we know or think we know abut a subject is known as our
belief
A moral principle that suggests how we should behave or what we should believe is called a
value
_________ are widely shared psychological needs, desires, and impulses.
Motives
____________ racism is indirect and uses code words to subtle contrasts to suggest that one race is superior to another.
Symbolic
The tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at the world is right and that other perspectives are wrong is called:
ethnocentrism
_________________ refers to the economic well-being or class of your listeners.
Socioeconomic status
Which of the following could be motives that cause the listeners to pay attention to your message?
knowledge
safety and security
physical well-being
all of these could be motives for listening
all of these could be motives for listening
“When I was at the hospital, I was treated by a male nurse,” is an example of
Sexist language
