Public Speaking Midterm Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

The Philosophers – know their ideas/beliefs about a good public speaker – p. 6-7

Pericles – participative democracy

Aristotle – systematic study of public speaking

Aristotle’s Proofs:

        Logos: use of logic as proof

        Pathos: use of emotion

        Ethos: use of ethics/credibility

        Mythos: use of traditions/stories

Cicero – speaker should be broadly educated and understand culture and values of audience

Plato – speaker’s message should help listeners become better citizens and people

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Speaker –

Audience –

Message –

initiates the message
listener
main ideas speaker wants to convey

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Channel –

Interference –

Setting –

Feedback –

medium that conveys the message to listeners

distractions/noise that can disrupt the process

physical & psychological context of the speech

speaker’s perception of audience reactions to the message

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When it comes to Finding Your Ethical Voice, you must do the following:

*Respect the Integrity of Ideas and Information

Speak from responsible knowledge
Know main points of concern
Understand what experts say
Appreciate differing points of view
Be aware of recent events
Realize how you can affect listeners
*Respect for the Integrity of Ideas and Information continued

Use communication techniques carefully
Do not quote out of context

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How to Avoid academic dishonesty & plagiarism:

Don’t present or summarize someone else’s speech, article, or essay as though it were your own. CITE SOURCES!
Draw information and ideas from a variety of sources, and then interpret them to create your own point of view.
Don’t parrot other people’s language and ideas without giving them credit.
Do not recycle work from other classes without checking with your instructor and then sufficiently reworking it.
Demonstrate a Genuine Concern for Consequences – how messages influence audience and community

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The Shared Responsibilities of Listeners

Provide attentive feedback
Listen critically and constructively

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Communication Apprehension
Types

Anticipatory anxiety - before
Presentation anxiety - during
Natural: approximately 75% of people
Advantageous: channel into positive energy to enliven presentation

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External Factors

An unfamiliar situation
The importance of the occasion

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Internal Factors

Perfectionism
Misconceptions about the audience
Illusion of transparency
Self-sabotage

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Managing Your Communication Apprehension:

General Advice

Do not cut back on practice
No cure, but can be controlled
Techniques work best in combination
Developing a Communication Orientation

Move from “I” to “we” emphasis
Focus on your audience
What does your speech offer listeners?
What new understanding can you provide?
Emphasize interaction over performance
Enlarged conversation

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Cognitive Restructuring

Replace negative thoughts with positive rejoinders
Rethink such conceptions as:
I’ll embarrass myself.
My mind will go blank.
I’ll make a bad grade if I’m nervous.

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Visualization

Envision yourself speaking effectively
Step by step through the entire speech
Calms the nerves and focuses you for success
Popular with athletes and performing artists

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Selective Relaxation

Find a quiet place.
Tense and relax different muscle groups.
Concentrate on breathing deeply.
Repeat steps 1 through 4.

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Education, Preparation, and Practice

Develop skills in class
Choose quality topics
Become responsibly informed
Organize materials
Adapt ideas to audience
Present extemporaneously
Practice alone and with audience

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Review the Benefits of taking a Public Speaking Course:

Personal benefits – in school and work

Social benefits – public discussions

Cultural benefits – develop cultural sensitivity and “other orientation” to see other points of view

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Public speaking classes are valuable because
effective speakers tend to be more successful
they contribute to your personal growth
they make for better democratic citizens
all of the above are correct

all of the above are correct

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A speaker must have a ____________, which would be the main ideas and information the speaker wants to convey.

message

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Distractions that disrupt the flow of a message are called

interference/noise

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Speaking from responsible knowledge includes which of the following?
knowing the main points of concern about your topic
understand what experts say about the topic
being aware of recent discoveries about your topic
all of these are part of having responsible knowledge about your topic

all of these are part of having responsible knowledge about your topic

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The best way to avoid plagiarism is

always provide oral citations when you use material from another source

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Those unpleasant feelings and fears you may experience before or during a presentation are called:

communication apprehension

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Cognitive restructuring means that you

consciously change negative messages to positive messages.

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A good speech topic should do which of the following?
Involve you (a topic that interests you)
Engage your listeners
Be one you can manage.
All of these are qualities a good topic should have.

All of these are qualities a good topic should have.

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The ___________ is the speaker’s particular goal or the response that the speaker wants to evoke from the audience.

specific purpose

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The _______ statement summarizes in a single sentence the central idea or message of your speech.

thesis

When testing your specific purpose, you want to make sure you meet the test of relevancy. Relevancy means which of the following?

The audience can relate to your topic or they might find it interesting.

The triviality trap means that a topic

Does not give important information, insights, or advice

Which of the following is NOT a guideline for choosing a good speech topic A good topic must be one the audience knows about A good topic will involve you A good topic will involve the listeners A good topic will be one you can manage

A good topic must be one the audience knows about

Which of these is a trivial topic

How to make Kool Aid.

The _____________ purpose is the speaker's intention to inform or persuade listeners or to commemorate some person or occasion.

general

Responsible knowledge includes having information on each of these, EXCEPT

what your friends think about the topic

As valuable as it is, personal experience is rarely sufficient to provide all the information you will need for your speech.

True

To evaluate what you discover when you start researching your speech, you should consider which of the following? The relevance of the material. Whether the material is representative of a reality. How recent and reliable the research is. all of these factors should be considered when evaluating your research.

all of these factors should be considered when evaluating your research.

When evaluating online resources, one of the first things to keep in mind is

Virtually anyone can put anything on the Internet.

Which of these is a general search engine?

Google

When evaluating Internet research materials, the criteria of authority means that you are evaluating

the credentials of the author and sponsor of the website.

Why should you be careful about using material from personal web pages?

There are no controls over what is posted.

_____________ is a criterion for evaluating whether or not a source provides an unbiased or balanced perspective.

Objectivity

The purpose of an advocacy website is to

influence attitudes or behaviors

The purpose of an information website is to

share knowledge

When structuring and outlining your speech you should limit your main points and keep them short and direct so they are easier for your audience to follow. This is called:

simplicity

A speech has _________ when a consistent pattern is used to develop a speech.

order

Which part of the speech should be the longest?

Body

The ___________ are the most important ideas developed in support of your thesis statement in your speech.

main points

Which organizational design discusses the main points as they occur in physical space

Spatial

Which organizational design gives the steps of a process in the order in which they should be taken?

Sequential

A tentative plan for organizing your speech is called a

Working outline

_____________ speech design explains the events or historical developments in the order in which they occurred.

chronological

The _________ are the major divisions of a speech's main points.

subpoints

The principle of ________ requires that supporting ideas and materials descend in importance from the general to the specific

subordination

A verbal or non-verbal cue that lets your audience know you are finished making one point and are moving on to the next is called a

transition

Which of these is a purpose of a speech introduction? capture the audience's attetnion establish speaker credibility preview the message all of these are purposes of the introduction of a speech

all of these are purposes of the introduction of a speech

Which of these is NOT a good way to begin a speech?

saying "My speech is about..."

Which of these is a way to establish personal credibility as a speaker?

explain any personal experience you have with the topic and point out that you have researched the topic

The _________ section of the introduction identifies the main points to be developed in the body of the speech and presents an overview of the speech to follow.

preview

Which of these is a purpose of the speech conclusion?

summarize the main points of the speech

Which of these is NOT a suggestion for ending a speech?

saying "The End."

Which of these should be included in the heading of the formal outline as part of your planning, but not said in the actual speech?

specific purpose

Each main point and subpoint in a formal outline should be worded as

a complete simple sentence

A clearly structured body of a formal outline should use which of the following to label the main points of your speech?

Roman numerals (I,II,III)

When preparing an infomative speech, you should first ask yourself whether your topic is _______________ enough

Significant

To motivate listeners, you must tell them why

Your message is important to them

_____________ speaking functions to enlighten listeners by sharing ideas and information.

informative

The type of design that typically presents steps in a process is ______________ design

Sequential

The type of design that follows events in the order in which they occurred is ______________ design

Chronological

An informative speech that shows the audience how to do something is called a speech of

demonstration

An informative speech that offers information about the nature, workings, and implications of abstract and complex subjects is called a speech of

explanation

We can learn from successful speakers that we must select ___________ topics

good

We can learn from successful speakers that we must use __________ well

time

We can learn from successful speakers that we must put a lot of ________________ into the presentation

energy

General characteristics of listeners including age, gender, sexual orientation, education, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic background and group affiliations are called:

demographics

Strong thoughts and feelings that we have developed about a subject is known as a(n)

attitude

What we know or think we know abut a subject is known as our

belief

A moral principle that suggests how we should behave or what we should believe is called a

value

_________ are widely shared psychological needs, desires, and impulses.

Motives

____________ racism is indirect and uses code words to subtle contrasts to suggest that one race is superior to another.

Symbolic

The tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at the world is right and that other perspectives are wrong is called:

ethnocentrism

_________________ refers to the economic well-being or class of your listeners.

Socioeconomic status

Which of the following could be motives that cause the listeners to pay attention to your message? knowledge safety and security physical well-being all of these could be motives for listening

all of these could be motives for listening

"When I was at the hospital, I was treated by a male nurse," is an example of

Sexist language