Child Psych Final

Question 1

The ego mediates between the impulses of the id and the demands of the superego.
false
true

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the theory of psychosexual development proposed by Sigmund Freud?
It states that each stage involves a “crisis” in personality.
It states that sensual pleasure shifts from one body zone to another.
It includes four stages, namely sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.
It describes eight stages of development across the life span.

Answer 2

It states that sensual pleasure shifts from one body zone to another.

Question 3

Modifiability of performance is also referred to as
plasticity.
fidelity.
generativity.
resiliency.

Answer 3

plasticity.

Question 4

Dr. Dunn studies the way children of different ages organize information in their memory. His research focus is primarily on
normative development.
physical development.
cognitive development.
psychosocial development.

Answer 4

cognitive development.

Question 5

Which of the following is a type of associative learning studied by behaviorists?
Operant conditioning
Imprinting
Accommodation
Assimilation

Answer 5

Operant conditioning

Question 6

Annette, who is a toddler, first started crawling, then started standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette’s development is best categorized as
cognitive development.
psychosocial development.
physical development.
ego development.

Answer 6

physical development.

Question 7

Self-report measures are said to be reliable when
the results are reasonably consistent from one time to another.
the tests measure the abilities they claim to measure.
the researcher who has developed the measure is highly qualified.
the sample size is very large.

Answer 7

the results are reasonably consistent from one time to another.

Question 8

Erik Erikson argued that the entire life span is marked by change and development.
false
true

Answer 8

true

Question 9

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is true of the id?
It seeks immediate satisfaction of needs.
It is absent in newborns.
It includes the conscience.
It represents reason.

Answer 9

It seeks immediate satisfaction of needs.

Question 10

________ is defined as the growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.
Cognitive development
Physical development
Ego development
Psychosocial development

Answer 10

Physical development

Question 11

In the context of the stages of psychosocial development explained by Erik Erikson, who among the following is in the industry versus inferiority stage?
Fourteen-year-old Leah, who feels a strong attraction to another girl in her school
Two-year-old David, who feels a sense of independence when he uses the toilet instead of wetting himself at night
Five-month-old Noah, who depends on his single mother to meet all his needs
Nine-year-old Mandy, who feels incompetent as she is the only student in her class who cannot swim

Answer 11

Nine-year-old Mandy, who feels incompetent as she is the only student in her class who cannot swim

Question 12

The ________ perspective on human development focuses on the lasting effects of childhood experiences and unconscious drives and motivations.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
evolutionary
learning

Answer 12

psychoanalytic

Question 13

According to Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is automatic and irreversible.
false
true

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Which of the following characterizes infants and toddlers?
Play becomes imaginative, elaborate, and social.
Handedness appears.
The abilities to learn and remember are absent.
The use of symbols develops by the end of the second year.

Answer 14

The use of symbols develops by the end of the second year.

Question 15

According to Sigmund Freud, the ________ represents reason and operates under the reality principle.
id
ego
superego
conscience

Answer 15

ego

Question 16

In scientific research, the only way to show with certainty that one variable causes another is through
a case study.
experimentation.
a correlational study.
surveys.

Answer 16

experimentation.

Question 17

A team of psychologists collects data for a study by observing preschool teachers’ classroom interactions without the knowledge of the teachers. The psychologists do so by observing the teachers through a one-way mirror. In this scenario, which of the following is conducted by the psychologists?
naturalistic observation
laboratory observation
a clinical study
a case study

Answer 17

naturalistic observation

Question 18

________ is a type of learning in which a response to a stimulus is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response.
Social learning
Imprinting
Classical conditioning
Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 18

Classical conditioning

Question 19

Psychosocial development is defined as the pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, and creativity.
false
true

Answer 19

false

Question 20

In the context of influences on development, nonnormative influences are
events that touch only certain individuals.
temporary support provided to help a child master a task.
acquired interpretive perceptions stored in long-term memory.
inborn traits or characteristics inherited from a child’s biological parents.

Answer 20

events that touch only certain individuals.

Question 21

Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development is referred to as
the scaffold.
the environment.
the mesosystem.
the microsystem.

Answer 21

the environment.

Question 22

In operant conditioning, ________ is a process that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
adaptation
habituation
reinforcement
canalization

Answer 22

reinforcement

Question 23

Newborns are governed by the superego.
false
true

Answer 23

false

Question 24

Dylan, a psychology professor, conducted a study on the impact of bullying on the self-image of 5-year-old children. He assessed their self-image twice a year for the next 5 years. Which of the following developmental research designs did he conduct?
a longitudinal study
a cross-sectional study
a sequential study
a correlational study

Answer 24

a longitudinal study

Question 25

In the context of cognitive-stage theory, assimilation is Jean Piaget’s term for
the act of observing and imitating models.
the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements.
incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure.
changes in a cognitive structure to include new information.

Answer 25

incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of the learning perspective on human development?
It focuses on the lasting effects of childhood experiences and unconscious drives and motivations.
It holds that an individual is not a separate entity interacting with the environment but an inseparable part of it.
It states that people can access cognitive processes, even though they are internal.
It holds that the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank slate upon which experience could write.

Answer 26

It holds that the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank slate upon which experience could write.

Question 27

Donna’s family consists of her biological parents and her younger sibling, Sam. Their family also has a pet dog. Given the information, Donna’s family is most likely to be categorized as a(n)
extended family.
blended family.
stepfamily.
nuclear family.

Answer 27

nuclear family.

Question 28

The clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects is known as
genetic coding.
genetic counseling.
teratogenesis.
genetic imprinting.

Answer 28

genetic counseling.

Question 29

In the context of races and ethnicities, which of the following is a true statement about birth disorders?
African American infants are more likely than others to have cleft lip or gastrointestinal abnormalities.
Asian American infants are at a higher risk for most birth defects than others.
Hispanic infants have a higher occurrence of neural tube and ear defects than do non-Hispanic white infants.
Hispanic infants report the highest rates of hypospadias.

Answer 29

Hispanic infants have a higher occurrence of neural tube and ear defects than do non-Hispanic white infants.

Question 30

In the context of birth defects, which of the following is true of sickle-cell anemia?
It increases the susceptibility of at-risk individuals to pneumonia and stroke.
It is a metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation.
Treatment for sickle-cell anemia involves regular blood transfusions with clotting factors.
Families of Mediterranean descent are primarily at risk for sickle-cell anemia.

Answer 30

It increases the susceptibility of at-risk individuals to pneumonia and stroke.

Question 31

At the moment of conception, the single-celled zygote receives all the biological information needed to guide its development into a unique individual.
false
true

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Although Roberto’s adoptive parents are short in stature, he is tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Roberto’s height?
It is influenced primarily by heredity.
It is influenced primarily by environment.
It is primarily a result of independent segregation.
It is primarily a result of incomplete dominance.

Answer 32

It is influenced primarily by heredity.

Question 33

The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences. This tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other is called
genotype–environment correlation.
environment–phenotype covariance.
shared environmental effect.
nonshared environmental effect.

Answer 33

genotype–environment correlation.

Question 34

Advanced paternal age is a risk factor for schizophrenia.
false
true

Answer 34

true

Question 35

________ usually refers to the effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals.
Phenotype–environment interaction
Teratogenesis
Epigenesis
Genotype–environment interaction

Answer 35

Genotype–environment interaction

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true about phenylketonuria?
It is a metabolic disorder that results in intellectual disability.
It is best treated with the help of enzymes used to improve digestion.
It is an enzyme deficiency that is likely to lead to cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy.
It is most likely to be found in families of Mediterranean descent.

Answer 36

It is a metabolic disorder that results in intellectual disability.

Question 37

A process through which DNA replicates itself so each newly formed cell is a genetic copy with the same hereditary information is called
diffusion.
mitosis.
meiosis.
translocation.

Answer 37

mitosis.

Question 38

When sperm and ovum fuse at conception, they produce a zygote with ________ chromosomes.
28
23
50
46

Answer 38

46

Question 39

The simplest form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is ________, and it can facilitate conception if a man has a low sperm count.
artificial insemination
gamete intrafallopian transfer
ovum transfer
in vitro fertilization

Answer 39

artificial insemination

Question 40

A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called
dominant inheritance.
multifactorial inheritance.
recessive inheritance.
sex-linked inheritance.

Answer 40

sex-linked inheritance.

Question 41

In the context of the mechanisms of heredity, normal human females have ________ and normal human males have ________.
an XY pairing of chromosomes; a YX pairing of chromosomes
an XY pairing of chromosomes; an XO pairing of chromosomes
two X chromosomes; an XY pairing of chromosomes
two X chromosomes; an XO pairing of chromosomes

Answer 41

two X chromosomes; an XY pairing of chromosomes

Question 42

In the context of the genetic code, the fundamental unit of heredity is a chemical called
adenosine monophosphate.
deoxyribonucleic acid.
threonine.
arachidonic acid.

Answer 42

deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 43

During the 1860s, Gregor Mendel laid the foundation for people’s understanding of patterns of inheritance. Mendel’s most important finding was that
traits are transmitted independently of each other.
dominant traits are expressed only if both copies of a gene are recessive.
genes occur singly and not in pairs.
genes do not have fixed positions on chromosomes.

Answer 43

traits are transmitted independently of each other.

Question 44

It is the mother who determines the sex of a child.
false
true

Answer 44

false

Question 45

________ are chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression.
Autosomes
Allosomes
Lysosomes
Ribosomes

Answer 45

Autosomes

Question 46

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment?
Georgio was adopted at birth and resembles his biological father and brother closely.
Bill and Jim, identical twins, were separated at birth and have many similarities such as obesity, blood pressure, and left-handedness.
Ann and Jennie are fraternal twins who were reared apart, and only Ann has high blood pressure.
Sally was adopted when she was 2 years old, and she has developed a good vocabulary because her adoptive father encourages her to read.

Answer 46

Sally was adopted when she was 2 years old, and she has developed a good vocabulary because her adoptive father encourages her to read.

Question 47

Autism is likely to have an environmental basis rather than a genetic basis and shows greater concordance between dizygotic twins than between monozygotic twins.
false
true

Answer 47

false

Question 48

Sperm are produced in the ________ of a mature male at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen at sexual climax.
uterus
ovary
cervix
testes

Answer 48

testes

Question 49

Women’s fertility is less affected by age than men’s fertility, but it declines significantly in the late 30s.
true
false

Answer 49

false

Question 50

Obesity is measured by body mass index (BMI).
true
false

Answer 50

true

Question 51

A neurological disorder that is characterized by loss of contact with reality; hallucinations and delusions; loss of coherent, logical thought; and inappropriate emotionality is known as
Down syndrome.
schizophrenia.
depression.
dyslexia.

Answer 51

schizophrenia.

Question 52

Heritability refers to the relative influence of heredity and environment in a particular individual.
true
false

Answer 52

false

Question 53

Women are born with an infinite number of eggs.
true
false

Answer 53

false

Question 54

In the fetal stage of prenatal development, the fetus
produces immature neurons rapidly.
obtains nutrients and eliminates wastes without the help of the placenta.
lacks the ability to move.
lacks the ability to perceive taste and smell as these senses develop after birth.

Answer 54

produces immature neurons rapidly.

Question 55

The risk of HIV transmission from the mother to the child can be reduced by choosing natural childbirth over a cesarean delivery.
true
false

Answer 55

false

Question 56

Which of the following is a noninvasive technique of assessing prenatal development?
amniocentesis
chorionic villus sampling
ultrasound
umbilical cord sampling

Answer 56

ultrasound

Question 57

Which of the following is true about the effects of drugs on breast-feeding?
Breast milk yield increases after the consumption of prescription drugs.
The use of medically prescribed drugs does not cause any harm to breast-feeding mothers or their children.
Drugs cannot be transmitted into breast milk.
For most drugs, the benefits of breast-feeding outweigh the risks of taking the drug.

Answer 57

For most drugs, the benefits of breast-feeding outweigh the risks of taking the drug.

Question 58

Vera has been experiencing minor episodes of depression and mania for the last 2 years and has been treated extensively with Lithol, a lithium carbonate drug. Vera conceived while she was on this medication but took great care to avoid any other teratogens that may harm her child. As a result of this exposure to lithium, her child has an increased risk of
sudden infant death syndrome.
fetal alcohol syndrome.
nicotine dependence.
withdrawal symptoms.

Answer 58

withdrawal symptoms.

Question 59

________, if contracted by a woman before her 11th week of pregnancy, is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in her baby.
Rubella
Toxoplasmosis
Zika
Spina bifida

Answer 59

Rubella

Question 60

Which of the following is true about chorionic villus sampling?
It carries a much higher risk of miscarriage than noninvasive procedures.
It allows direct access to fetal DNA in the blood vessels of the umbilical cord for diagnosis.
It involves the insertion of a tiny viewing scope into the mother’s uterus.
It can provide definitive evidence of a genetic issue.

Answer 60

It can provide definitive evidence of a genetic issue.

Question 61

Ruby, a 27-year-old woman, is pregnant and underweight. Her doctors are concerned about the impact of her weight on the health of the baby. Which of the following recommendations should Ruby follow to ensure the safety and health of both herself and the baby?
She should avoid consuming folic acid-enriched grain products.
She should increase the intake of foods that contain trans-fatty acids.
She should avoid the consumption of B vitamin supplements.
She should include more proteins and carbohydrates in her diet.

Answer 61

She should include more proteins and carbohydrates in her diet.

Question 62

The prenatal period of development, between conception and birth, is called
ovulation.
gestation.
germination.
fertilization.

Answer 62

gestation.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women?
It is manifested through severe symptoms such as brain fever and seizures in the mother.
It is manifested through fetal brain damage, stillbirth, or death of the baby.
It is harmful to the child only if it is contracted within the first trimester of pregnancy.
It is more common in pregnant women suffering from gestational diabetes.

Answer 63

It is manifested through fetal brain damage, stillbirth, or death of the baby.

Question 64

Adolescent mothers tend to have premature or underweight babies.
true
false

Answer 64

true

Question 65

As cell differentiation begins during the germinal stage of prenatal development, some cells around the edge of the blastocyst cluster on one side to form the ________, a thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop.
embryonic disk
corpus albicans
corpus luteum
ovarian follicle

Answer 65

embryonic disk

Question 66

Pregnant women typically need 300 to 500 additional calories a day, including extra protein.
false
true

Answer 66

true

Question 67

During the germinal stage of prenatal development, the ________, a fluid-filled membrane, encases the developing embryo, giving it room to move.
amniotic sac
chorion
placenta
ovarian follicle

Answer 67

amniotic sac

Question 68

Within 36 hours after fertilization, the zygote enters a period of rapid cell division and duplication, or mitosis.
false
true

Answer 68

true

Question 69

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the
leading preventable cause of birth defects in the United States.
single most important factor in low birth weight in developed countries.
most common cause of mental retardation in children.
most common cause for fetal death and preterm labor.

Answer 69

single most important factor in low birth weight in developed countries.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of prenatal care in the United States?
It is not used by those who are covered by Medicaid policies.
It is universal.
It lacks uniform national standards.
It has guaranteed financial coverage.

Answer 70

It lacks uniform national standards.

Question 71

The order in which the three prenatal stages of development occur is
germinal, fetal, and embryonic.
embryonic, fetal, and germinal.
fetal, embryonic, and germinal.
germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Answer 71

germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Question 72

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following is true of the placenta?
It develops and differentiates into the inner layer of skin, muscles, skeleton, and the excretory and circulatory systems.
It transports embryonic wastes to the umbilical cord via embryonic blood vessels.
It produces the hormones that support pregnancy and prepares the mother’s breasts for lactation.
It develops into organs that will nurture and protect development in the womb.

Answer 72

It produces the hormones that support pregnancy and prepares the mother’s breasts for lactation.

Question 73

Which of the following is true about the effects of chronic stress during pregnancy?
Chronic stress in pregnant women can leave babies at risk of developing anencephaly.
Chronic stress in pregnant women can make them more vulnerable to inflammatory diseases.
Chronic stress in pregnant women can cause babies to be born with an abnormally large head size.
Chronic stress in pregnant women can result in postterm delivery.

Answer 73

Chronic stress in pregnant women can make them more vulnerable to inflammatory diseases.

Question 74

Donna, a 32-year-old pregnant woman, is obese and likes to indulge in a diet that is rich in calories. She gains 40 pounds during her pregnancy. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
She will have a normal and safe delivery.
She will face greater difficulty in inducing labor.
She will give birth to a low-birth-weight baby.
She will give birth to a baby with a small head circumference.

Answer 74

She will face greater difficulty in inducing labor.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about miscarriages?
A vast majority of early miscarriages are easily preventable.
The risk of miscarriages is negligible after the 20th week of gestation.
The risk of miscarriages decreases with the increase in the age of the mother.
A vast majority of early miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities.

Answer 75

A vast majority of early miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 76

Which of the following is true about umbilical cord sampling?
It allows direct access to fetal DNA.
It analyzes the tissue from the membrane surrounding the fetus.
It involves analyzing amniotic fluid.
It is a noninvasive procedure used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.

Answer 76

It allows direct access to fetal DNA.

Question 77

A miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation is generally characterized as a(n)
postmature birth.
stress-induced abortion.
stillbirth.
ectopic pregnancy.

Answer 77

stillbirth.

Question 78

Once a woman has had one cesarean delivery, many physicians warn that she should only attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) with caution.
true
false

Answer 78

true

Question 79

________ is brought on by a series of uterine, cervical, and other changes that begin about 2 weeks before delivery.
Fertilization
Labor
Implantation
Conception

Answer 79

Labor

Question 80

Kathleen was told by her physician that her baby’s feet are moving down the birth canal first. Which of the following types of deliveries is likely to be performed considering Kathleen’s baby’s position?
a vaginal delivery
a cesarean delivery
a natural delivery
a Lamaze delivery

Answer 80

a cesarean delivery

Question 81

Which of the following statements about prepared childbirth is true?
It allows the father to be involved in labor and delivery.
It allows the mother to relax during the birth process because she is given general anesthesia.
It involves delivering babies in dimly lit, isolated rooms with the help of anesthesia.
It involves giving medical help in hospital settings to deliver the baby safely.

Answer 81

It allows the father to be involved in labor and delivery.

Question 82

Which of the following statements is true about the mother-infant bond?
The mother-infant bond involves the need for maternal closeness and warmth.
The mother-infant bond takes longer to develop in mothers who use kangaroo care.
The mother-infant bond develops only after the first few hours of childbirth.
Feeding is the most important thing babies get from their mothers.

Answer 82

The mother-infant bond involves the need for maternal closeness and warmth.

Question 83

Which of the following occurs during the first stage of childbirth?
dilation of the cervix
expulsion of the placenta
crowning of the head
clamping of the umbilical cord

Answer 83

dilation of the cervix

Question 84

A criticism of the use of general anesthesia during childbirth is that general anesthesia
fails to relieve the mother’s discomfort.
increases the occurrence of postpartum depression.
greatly increases the risks to the mother and her baby.
contributes to withdrawal symptoms that many new mothers experience.

Answer 84

greatly increases the risks to the mother and her baby.

Question 85

Humans are biologically prepared by evolution to engage in the parenting relationship.
false
true

Answer 85

true

Question 86

At the start of the twentieth century, childbirth began to be professionalized in the United States, at least in urban settings.
false
true

Answer 86

true

Question 87

The ________ can be used to test five aspects of behavior to measure a newborn’s response to the environment up to the age of 2 months.
Apgar scale
Denver Developmental Screening Test
PKU screen
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Answer 87

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Question 88

Respiratory distress syndrome is common in preterm babies who lack an adequate amount of surfactant.
true
false

Answer 88

true

Question 89

_______ is the death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.
Postmaturity
Implantation
Full-term birth
Stillbirth

Answer 89

Stillbirth

Question 90

Which of the following statements about the father’s presence during childbirth is correct?
Evidence suggests that a father’s presence during childbirth makes him a good father.
Fathers who are present at the birth of a child often see the event as a peak emotional experience.
The father’s attachment to his child depends solely on his presence during childbirth.
Fathers are not allowed to be present while their partners give birth in most hospitals.

Answer 90

Fathers who are present at the birth of a child often see the event as a peak emotional experience.

Question 91

A newborn’s air sacs keep collapsing, making it very difficult for her to breathe regularly. A likely diagnosis for this infant’s problem is
hemophilia.
hyaline membrane disease.
phenylketonuria.
toxoplasmosis.

Answer 91

hyaline membrane disease.

Question 92

Blood is collected via a heelstick from newborn babies at the hospital and used to screen for phenylketonuria (PKU) and other conditions.
false
true

Answer 92

true

Question 93

Though Elaine has no formal medical training, she has helped deliver many babies and has exceptional interpersonal skills. She would like to receive training that would enable her to support other women emotionally during the birthing process and give them information about what is happening. Which of the following roles would best fit her?
an obstetrician
a gynecologist
a doula
a pediatrician

Answer 93

a doula

Question 94

In infancy, lack of appropriate growth for no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning, is known as
sudden infant death syndrome.
crib death.
child maltreatment.
nonorganic failure to thrive.

Answer 94

nonorganic failure to thrive.

Question 95

Neonatal jaundice is caused by the
inability of the diaphragm to pump air into and out of the lungs.
incomplete development of the respiratory system.
incomplete development of the pulmonary system.
failure of the liver to filter out bilirubin during the first days of life.

Answer 95

failure of the liver to filter out bilirubin during the first days of life.

Question 96

Colostrum contains more fat and calories than breast milk.
false
true

Answer 96

false

Question 97

Infant care practices are universal.
true
false

Answer 97

false

Question 98

Women who have given birth during the past 50 years have benefited from a dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. This is due to
increased assistance of midwives.
a decrease in the number of cesarean births.
an increase in the medicalization of childbirth.
an increase in the number of home births.

Answer 98

an increase in the medicalization of childbirth.

Question 99

Electronic fetal monitoring is used for
measuring the weight of the fetus.
measuring the maternal oxygen usage rate.
tracking the fetus’s heartbeat during labor.
tracking the time of childbirth.

Answer 99

tracking the fetus’s heartbeat during labor.

Question 100

A medicated delivery is one in which
an expectant mother receives a regional anesthesia.
a childbearing woman is attended by a doula at home throughout the birth process.
a woman is trained to concentrate on other sensations to ease the perception of pain.
the Lamaze method of childbirth is used.

Answer 100

an expectant mother receives a regional anesthesia.

Question 101

Hannah, a 23-year-old woman, is expecting her first child. Her medical reports indicate that the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus. Which of the following describes the baby’s position?
transverse
lateral
breech
normal

Answer 101

transverse

Question 102

Madeline, a 35-year-old woman, is pregnant with her third child. She has completed 42 weeks of gestation but has not experienced any labor pain or contractions. Her doctor performs a cesarean delivery to save the baby. The baby is longer and thinner than other normal babies and has the size of a normal 1-month-old. Madeline’s baby is a ________ baby.
preterm
postmature
low-birth-weight
stillborn

Answer 102

postmature

Question 103

Mia is a 2-week-old girl. When her mother touches the corner of Mia’s mouth, she turns her head in the direction of the touch and opens her mouth. This scenario illustrates the ________ reflex.
Babinski
Moro
rooting
walking

Answer 103

rooting

Question 104

Key milestones in the first 3 years of life relate to head control, hand control, and locomotion. In the context of locomotion, identify a true statement about crawling.
In visual cliff experiments, new crawlers are highly likely to avoid the cliff.
Crawling is technically a motor milestone.
Between 3 and 5 months, most babies begin to get around by crawling.
Crawling helps babies learn to better judge distances and perceive depth.

Answer 104

Crawling helps babies learn to better judge distances and perceive depth.

Question 105

Tiana’s father gives her a few blocks and cubes to play with. She plays with them for a while and manages to place three red cubes on top of two blue cubes and build a tower. She is excited to show the colorful tower to her father. In the context of key milestones in the first 3 years of life, Tiana is most likely
5 months old.
15 months old.
10 months old.
7 months old.

Answer 105

15 months old.

Question 106

Which of the following is necessary for proper depth perception?
chromatic vision
binocular coordination
monocular cues
20/20 visual acuity

Answer 106

binocular coordination

Question 107

Auditory discrimination develops rapidly after 2 years of age.
false
true

Answer 107

false

Question 108

Dr. Lewis, a pediatrician in Seattle City Hospital, gives young parents advice on how they can reduce the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). What is he most likely to tell them?
Infants should sleep on soft surfaces, such as pillows or quilts.
Babies should be laid down to sleep on their backs.
Infants should not be given pacifiers.
Infants should sleep in adult beds with one or more adults.

Answer 108

Babies should be laid down to sleep on their backs.

Question 109

Mortality rates for both mothers and children have increased dramatically in the twenty-first century.
true
false

Answer 109

false

Question 110

Given the right circumstances, the human brain can overcome adversity so that some of its functions are recovered. Which of the following mechanisms helps the brain in such a recovery?
abduction
occlusion
plasticity
epigenesis

Answer 110

plasticity

Question 111

When Aria placed her 3-month-old son on his back, she noticed that he extended his arm and leg on one side and flexed the other arm and leg. This scenario illustrates the ________ reflex.
tonic neck
Moro
Darwinian
walking

Answer 111

tonic neck

Question 112

According to the cephalocaudal principle, the
lower parts of the body develop before the upper parts.
upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts.
upper and lower parts of the body develop simultaneously.
order of development of body parts depends on environmental influences.

Answer 112

upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts.

Question 113

Primitive reflexes are related to
the development of voluntary movements.
reactions to changes in balance.
reactions to changes in position.
instinctive needs for survival and protection.

Answer 113

instinctive needs for survival and protection.

Question 114

Shaken baby syndrome is also known as crib death.
false
true

Answer 114

false

Question 115

Depth perception refers to the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions and depends on cues that affect the image of an object on the retina of the eye where the sensory receptors cells are located.
true
false

Answer 115

true

Question 116

About two-thirds of injury deaths in the first year of life are by
suffocation.
burn injuries.
traffic accidents.
toxoplasmosis.

Answer 116

suffocation.

Question 117

Which of the following statements best illustrates the proximodistal principle of infant development?
Certain reflexes begin to appear even before birth.
Infants explore the environment using a combination of action and perception.
The upper arms of infants develop before their fingers develop.
The spinal cord develops before the arms become dexterous and agile.

Answer 117

The upper arms of infants develop before their fingers develop.

Question 118

Which of the following is true about breast-feeding?
Factors such as short postpartum maternity leave, a lack of flexible scheduling, and a lack of privacy make it difficult to sustain breast-feeding.
Breast-feeding should begin at least a week after birth and continue for at least 2 years.
Babies should not be exclusively breast-fed for 6 months from their time of birth as additional nutritional food supplements are also required.
Despite United Nations initiative encouraging institutional support of breast-feeding, U.S. hospitals are unable to witness an increase in breast-feeding.

Answer 118

Factors such as short postpartum maternity leave, a lack of flexible scheduling, and a lack of privacy make it difficult to sustain breast-feeding.

Question 119

By 2 months, almost all infants can keep their heads erect while being held or supported in a sitting position.
true
false

Answer 119

false

Question 120

Six-month-old Chris’s favorite toy is Make-a-Stack. It consists of five colorful rings of increasing sizes that can be stacked on a pole fixed at the base. Chris loves holding and shaking the rings and drops them over the top of the pole. In this scenario, Make-a-Stack is most likely designed to engage
gross motor skills.
haptic perception.
auditory perception.
language skills.

Answer 120

haptic perception.

Question 121

In the context of the human brain, the left hemisphere
is the center of language and logical thinking.
processes visual and spatial information.
is responsible for respiration and metabolism.
maintains balance and motor coordination.

Answer 121

is the center of language and logical thinking.

Question 122

Compared with mothers who do not breast-feed, breast-feeding mothers are more likely to
develop anorexia nervosa or bulimia.
develop osteoporosis.
return to their prepregnancy weight.
report postpartum bleeding.

Answer 122

return to their prepregnancy weight.

Question 123

The Denver Developmental Screening Test assesses
the innate traits of babies.
the temperament of babies.
the gross motor skills of babies.
the level of arousal at birth.

Answer 123

the gross motor skills of babies.

Question 124

In the context of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), current recommendations for risk reduction include
the use of breathing monitors.
avoiding the use of a pacifier.
avoiding sleeping in parents’ room.
the use of a fan.

Answer 124

the use of a fan.

Question 125

Dr. Kelly, a renowned child psychologist, treats children with special needs. She examines how these children think and learn about themselves and their world. She also considers how the children coordinate input from their senses and organize their activities according to their environment. Based on the given information, Dr. Kelly is most likely using the ________ approach.
psychometric
social-contextual
behaviorist
Piagetian

Answer 125

Piagetian

Question 126

Which of the following is a function of the psychometric approach to child development?
to assess qualitative differences in intellectual functioning over the life span
to determine which brain structures are tied to cognitive functions
to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it
to predict future performance, such as school achievement

Answer 126

to predict future performance, such as school achievement

Question 127

Lucas, a 5-month-old baby, has a blue bowl from which his mother feeds him. When his mother keeps his bowl and a pink bowl next to each other, Lucas stares at the pink bowl more than he stares at the blue bowl. In the context of the information-processing approach, Lucas is exhibiting
primary circular reactions.
visible imitation.
guided participation.
visual recognition memory.

Answer 127

visual recognition memory.

Question 128

The sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development
consists of the period from birth to about 2 years.
ends at 6 months of age.
continues throughout the first 4 years of life.
lasts from birth until 6 years of age.

Answer 128

consists of the period from birth to about 2 years.

Question 129

Seven-month-old Benjamin babbles and coos but has not spoken a single word. The sounds he makes constitute ________ speech.
circular
parentese
holophrase
prelinguistic

Answer 129

prelinguistic

Question 130

Short-term storage of information that the brain is actively processing is referred to as ________ memory.
working
semantic
episodic
implicit

Answer 130

working

Question 131

Reyansh and his fellow preschoolers participate in a classroom activity. The preschoolers are blindfolded and asked to touch different objects and guess the object’s name. In the context of visual and auditory perceptual and processing abilities, the activity in the scenario best illustrates
invisible imitation.
code switching.
cross-modal transfer.
the use of working memory.

Answer 131

cross-modal transfer.

Question 132

Which of the following terms is defined as the ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another?
cross-modal transfer
elicited imitation
the dual representation hypothesis
guided participation

Answer 132

cross-modal transfer

Question 133

Sandra has learned to squeeze her stuffed bear to make it squeak. When her father gives her a new stuffed toy, she squeezes it the same way she squeezes the bear. In the context of Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory, Sandra’s action is an example of
deferred imitation.
secondary circular reactions.
primary circular reactions.
coordination of secondary schemes.

Answer 133

secondary circular reactions.

Question 134

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development helps measure sensory and neurological deficits but cannot determine emotional disturbances in infants.
true
false

Answer 134

false

Question 135

Repetitive babbling may emerge with the maturation of parts of the motor cortex, which control movements of the face and larynx.
true
false

Answer 135

true

Question 136

Which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage marks a transition to the preoperational stage of early childhood?
primary circular reactions
tertiary circular reactions
mental combinations
primary reflexes

Answer 136

mental combinations

Question 137

Which of the following involves learning based on reinforcement and punishment?
mental sets
information processing
cognitive dissonance
operant conditioning

Answer 137

operant conditioning

Question 138

After returning from his weekly grocery shopping, Emily’s father asks her to help him arrange the purchased items. He gives her baskets with pictures of different food items on them. She removes items from the grocery bag one at a time, matches them with the pictures on the baskets, and places them correctly without any help from her father. In the context of the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Emily is most likely in the ________ substage.
fourth
sixth
third
fifth

Answer 138

sixth

Question 139

The prefrontal cortex develops faster than any other part in the brain as it is believed to control many aspects of cognition.
true
false

Answer 139

false

Question 140

The ________ approach to cognitive development primarily examines the impact of the environment on learning processes.
neuroscience
psychometric
information-processing
social-contextual

Answer 140

social-contextual

Question 141

The ________ to cognitive development in infants focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving.
information-processing approach
social-contextual approach
behaviorist approach
typological approach

Answer 141

information-processing approach

Question 142

The tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another is called
visible imitation.
habituation.
visual preference.
divided attention.

Answer 142

visual preference.

Question 143

Which of the following theories of language development suggested that an inborn language acquisition device (LAD) programs children’s brains to analyze the language they hear and figure out its rules?
behaviorist theory
Piagetian theory
social-learning theory
nativism

Answer 143

nativism

Question 144

The _____ to child development measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligences by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities.
behaviorist approach
psychometric approach
information-processing approach
Piagetian approach

Answer 144

psychometric approach

Question 145

In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, ________ refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness.
explicit memory
implicit memory
declarative knowledge
procedural knowledge

Answer 145

implicit memory

Question 146

________ is a systematic process of planning and providing therapeutic and educational services for families that need help in meeting infants’, toddlers’, and preschool children’s developmental needs.
Dishabituation
Guided participation
Operant conditioning
Early intervention

Answer 146

Early intervention

Question 147

Research on intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns has shown that
mothers who grow up with a working model of themselves are especially attuned and sensitive to their babies’ attachment behaviors.
mothers who report an insecure attachment style show greater activation in areas of the brain when viewing their own infant’s smiling face than do other mothers.
adults with insecure attachment representations tend to show little amygdala activation and respond with less irritation than do securely attached adults to infant cries.
the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents is likely to influence the way they respond to their own children.

Answer 147

the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents is likely to influence the way they respond to their own children.

Question 148

Tony rarely cries when his mother leaves and is not eager to greet her when she returns. In the context of the attachment patterns identified by Mary Ainsworth, Tony appears to be
avoidant
ambivalent.
disorganized-disoriented.
securely attached.

Answer 148

avoidant

Question 149

Arya is a 2-year-old girl. She plays with her toys, and after some time, she keeps them back in their boxes as she is aware that her mother expects her to do so. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?
situational compliance
committed compliance
receptive cooperation
social referencing

Answer 149

committed compliance

Question 150

In the context of psychosocial development of children, negativism is typically a(n)
early sign of self-doubt.
sign of childhood depression.
sign of self-regulation.
expression of the need for autonomy.

Answer 150

expression of the need for autonomy.

Question 151

According to Kochanska et al. (2010), mothers of committed compliers, as contrasted with mothers of situational compliers, are more sensitive and responsive with their children as infants.
true
false

Answer 151

true

Question 152

Self-regulation is defined as
the process by which an infant and his or her caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.
the process by which children develop an enduring tie with their caregivers.
a child’s independent control of his or her behavior to conform to social expectations.
a child’s attempt to understand an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it.

Answer 152

a child’s independent control of his or her behavior to conform to social expectations.

Question 153

In the context of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, toddlerhood is identified as the ________ stage.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
initiative versus guilt
identity versus role confusion
basic trust versus basic mistrust

Answer 153

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 154

The more secure a child’s attachment to a nurturing adult, the more likely that the child will develop good relationships with others.
true
false

Answer 154

true

Question 155

In the context of early emotional responses of children, laughter is a smile-linked vocalization that becomes more common between ________when it may signify the most intense positive emotion.
14 and 16 months
4 and 7 weeks
4 and 12 months
10 and 15 weeks

Answer 155

4 and 12 months

Question 156

Babies with secure attachment are outwardly unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning.
false
true

Answer 156

false

Question 157

Which of the following statements is true of emotions?
Their development follows a relatively standard timeline, beginning in early infancy.
Their physical manifestations and impact on behavior tend to be similar for all individuals.
They seldom involve any overt behavioral manifestations.
They involve purely objective reactions to experience.

Answer 157

Their development follows a relatively standard timeline, beginning in early infancy.

Question 158

A child who is by himself enters his father’s office and starts to fiddle with his father’s toolbox, even though his father has told him not to. As he is about to reach into the toolbox, he begins to feel guilty and decides to leave the room. This illustrates that the child has developed
an avoidant attachment.
a conscience.
situational compliance.
social referencing.

Answer 158

a conscience.

Question 159

Baby Elise does not follow regular patterns of eating and sleeping and has intense negative reactions to changes. She often displays negative moods and cries loudly. These are characteristics of a(n)
difficult temperament.
low reactive temperament.
slow-to-warm-up temperament.
easy temperament.

Answer 159

difficult temperament.

Question 160

Temperament is a
nonlinguistic form of communication.
characteristic style of approaching people and situations.
measure of cognitive development in infants and toddlers.
variable aspect of an individual’s behavior.

Answer 160

characteristic style of approaching people and situations.

Question 161

In the context of the Strange Situation technique, which of the following is a good way to measure the attachment between a mother and a baby?
reaction of the baby when the mother returns after being separated for a while
strength of stranger anxiety in the absence of the mother
strength of separation anxiety when the mother leaves
strength of the baby’s reaction when he or she is taken from the mother

Answer 161

reaction of the baby when the mother returns after being separated for a while

Question 162

________ is defined as a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.
Empathy
Attachment
Temperament
Internalization

Answer 162

Attachment

Question 163

The most developmentally sound approach to comforting a distressed baby is to
respond immediately each time the infant cries.
allow the baby to cry for a considerable time before responding.
ignore the baby’s crying.
prevent distress so that the need for soothing does not arise.

Answer 163

prevent distress so that the need for soothing does not arise.

Question 164

The development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through an infant’s interactions with
strangers encountered during infancy.
the primary caregiver.
other infants of the same age.
the physical environment.

Answer 164

the primary caregiver.

Question 165

The ability of both the infant and the caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other’s mental and emotional states is known as mutual regulation.
false
true

Answer 165

true

Question 166

According to John Bowlby, which of the following is true of the development of attachment?
Attachment patterns develop independent of any temperamental influences of the child.
Early caregiving has a negligible impact on the relationship between children and their caregivers.
A baby’s attachment is qualitatively distinct from Erik Erikson’s concept of trust.
Babies build working models based on their interactions with their caregivers.

Answer 166

Babies build working models based on their interactions with their caregivers.

Question 167

When a baby “reads” the expression of a caregiver for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation, it is referred to as
social referencing.
social facilitation.
situational compliance.
separation anxiety.

Answer 167

social referencing.

Question 168

Which of the following is true of early childhood brain growth and development?
From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain that regulate planning and goal setting.
The density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at age 14.
From ages 3 to 5, rapid brain growth occurs in areas that support associative thinking, language, and spatial relations.
By age 2, the brain has attained about 90 percent of its peak volume.

Answer 168

From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain that regulate planning and goal setting.

Question 169

Michael, a 5-year-old, generally while sleeping, urinates on bed without his knowledge. This exemplifies
homeostasis.
night terrors.
nightmare.
enuresis.

Answer 169

enuresis.

Question 170

Which of the following about handedness is true?
Handedness is independent of environmental influences.
Boys are more likely to be left-handed than girls.
Handedness is seldom evident before 6 years of age.
Handedness is purely determined by genetics.

Answer 170

Boys are more likely to be left-handed than girls.

Question 171

Which of the following is true about gross motor skills and fine motor skills in early childhood?
Gains in gross motor skills allow young children to take additional responsibility for their personal care.
The motor skills that emerge in early childhood build on the achievements of infancy and toddlerhood.
Motor skills develop in isolation.
The fine motor skills developed during early childhood are the basis for sports activities that often begin in middle childhood.

Answer 171

The motor skills that emerge in early childhood build on the achievements of infancy and toddlerhood.

Question 172

Adam is very good at computer games and usually wins when competing with his friends. Compared with his friends, he is most likely to score high on
left-handedness.
right-handedness.
fine motor skills.
gross motor skills.

Answer 172

fine motor skills.

Question 173

According to the World Health Organization (2017), which of the following is true about obesity rates in early childhood?
Obesity rates are rising more quickly in developing countries with less income.
The lowest obesity rates are found in Hispanic children.
Obesity rates are higher in girls than in boys.
Obesity rates are higher in white children than in African American children.

Answer 173

Obesity rates are rising more quickly in developing countries with less income.

Question 174

By ________, all the primary teeth are in place and the permanent teeth are developing.
3 years
6 years
8 years
7 years

Answer 174

3 years

Question 175

Unlike fine motor skills, gross motor skills
are manipulative.
are used while drawing and sketching.
involve the large muscles.
involve eye-hand and small-muscle coordination.

Answer 175

involve the large muscles.

Question 176

Alysha can now cut along a line, draw a fairly complete person, and fold paper into a double triangle. With a little help from her mother, she is also able to dress herself. In the context of motor skill developments in early childhood, Alysha is most likely
7 years old.
4 years old.
2 years old.
6 years old.

Answer 176

4 years old.

Question 177

Pedro is good at scoring goals while playing soccer. This ability depends on his
gross motor skills.
right-handedness.
fine motor skills.
left-handedness.

Answer 177

gross motor skills.

Question 178

A child who experiences a ________ appears to awaken abruptly from a deep sleep early in the night in a state of agitation.
sleeptalking episode
bed-wetting episode
night terror
nightmare

Answer 178

night terror

Question 179

Identify a true statement about brain development in early childhood.
The corpus callosum attains its peak volume earlier in boys than in girls.
The corpus callosum continues to be myelinized throughout childhood and adolescence.
At age 5, rapid brain growth occurs in areas that support associative thinking.
At age 8, the most rapid brain growth occurs in the frontal areas that regulate goal setting.

Answer 179

The corpus callosum continues to be myelinized throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 180

Kellie and Will are working parents. Their 3-year-old daughter, Hannah, often throws a tantrum when they leave for work. Kellie and Will try to be hands-on parents, providing Hannah with adequate nutrition, attention, and opportunities to learn. Which of the following measures taken by Kellie and Will is likely to undermine their child’s health?
ensuring that Hannah has skim milk, lean meat, and other dairy products
providing Hannah a chocolate or a candy bar as a bait so that she stops crying when they leave for work
allowing Hannah to help them in small ways when preparing meals
providing Hannah small cubes of vegetables to chew on while she watches television

Answer 180

providing Hannah a chocolate or a candy bar as a bait so that she stops crying when they leave for work

Question 181

Which of the following is true about sleep disturbances in early childhood?
They are likely to be caused by disordered breathing or restless leg movements.
They are often associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
They are unlikely to be found in children with physical or learning disabilities.
They are independent of a child’s weight.

Answer 181

They are likely to be caused by disordered breathing or restless leg movements.

Question 182

The use of favorite toys as bedtime companions hampers children’s transition from the dependence of infancy to the independence of later childhood.
false
true

Answer 182

false

Question 183

________ is a mineral essential for the maintenance and solidification of bones and at low levels has been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries, or cavities.
Fluoride
Graphite
Lithium
Lead oxide

Answer 183

Fluoride

Question 184

Unlike night terrors, nightmares
usually occur toward morning.
usually occur early in the night.
cause children to become unresponsive to external stimulations.
cause children to forget the entire disturbing experience the next morning.

Answer 184

usually occur toward morning

Question 185

Which of the following is true about food allergies?
Food allergies are more prevalent in children than in adults.
Food allergies are unlikely to cause life-threatening reactions.
Children who suffer from food allergies are bigger and taller than children without food allergies.
Children with food allergies are unlikely to come from families of higher socioeconomic status.

Answer 185

Food allergies are more prevalent in children than in adults.

Question 186

Marcus, a 4-year-old, finds it difficult to add two single-digit numbers. Which of the following should his kindergarten teacher do as part of the scaffolding approach to help Marcus learn addition?
The teacher should ask him math problems and provide clues to help him learn addition.
The teacher should ask him to solve math problems in a group that has students whose intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are less than his.
The teacher should give him an intelligence test to develop his addition skills.
The teacher should ask him to indulge in pretend play along with other students.

Answer 186

The teacher should ask him math problems and provide clues to help him learn addition.

Question 187

The ________ is an individual intelligence test for ages 2 and above that is used to measure knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
Denver Test of Multiple Intelligences
Apgar Scale
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Gardner Intelligence Scale for Children

Answer 187

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Question 188

Which of the following represents a specific phonological skill?
linking letters with sounds
syntax
understanding narrative structure
vocabulary

Answer 188

linking letters with sounds

Question 189

Which of the following is true about autobiographical memory?
It is a type of episodic memory.
It is a type of memory for routine and repetitive events.
It is fully functional by 2 years of age.
It is highly susceptible to decay.

Answer 189

It is a type of episodic memory.

Question 190

While reading aloud one day, Callie pointed to a word in the book and asked her father, “What does this word mean?” Callie, however, did not realize that she needed to turn the book so that her father could see the word. This is an example of
transductive reasoning.
animism.
seriation.
egocentrism.

Answer 190

egocentrism.

Question 191

Ivan’s mother takes some play dough from a small box and makes a long cylindrical model of a rocket for him. Ivan believes that the play dough will not fit into the box anymore because the shape of the play dough has now changed. The limitation of Ivan’s preoperational thought illustrated in the scenario is referred to as
decentration.
irreversibility.
ordinality.
seriation.

Answer 191

irreversibility.

Question 192

In Baddeley’s model of working memory, the element of working memory that controls the processing of information is referred to as
generic executive.
central executive.
sensory executive.
episodic executive.

Answer 192

central executive.

Question 193

Five-year-old Rebecca plays a game on her iPad in which she needs to tap on all red-colored objects that appear on the screen and ignore objects of other colors. At the end of every game, an animated character of a girl appears to congratulate Rebecca. When asked who the character is, Rebecca says that it is a girl who lives inside the screen and watches her games. This illustrates
transduction.
animism.
egocentrism.
pretend play.

Answer 193

animism.

Question 194

________ refers to preschoolers’ development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.
Transformational grammar
Emergent literacy
Dual coding
Theory of mind

Answer 194

Emergent literacy

Question 195

During early childhood, children enter the second major stage of cognitive development that Jean Piaget called the
sensorimotor stage.
concrete operational stage.
formal operational stage.
preoperational stage.

Answer 195

preoperational stage.

Question 196

The best-known early intervention preschool program for children of low-income families in the United States is Project Head Start.
true
false

Answer 196

true

Question 197

Socioeconomic status and preschool experience can affect how rapidly children advance in math.
true
false

Answer 197

true

Question 198

Compared to kindergartens in the past, contemporary kindergartens in the United States
allow children to spend a majority of their time on self-chosen activities.
act as a platform that helps children transition from the relative freedom of home to the structure of grade school.
operate more like first grade classes where children spend more time on worksheets and reading activities.
incorporate spiritual rather than practical or rational aspects of education.

Answer 198

operate more like first grade classes where children spend more time on worksheets and reading activities.

Question 199

Unlike the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-III)
takes 60 to 90 minutes to complete.
yields separate measures of verbal and nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ).
includes nonverbal methods of testing all five dimensions of cognition.
has separate levels for ages 2½ to 4 and 4 to 7.

Answer 199

has separate levels for ages 2½ to 4 and 4 to 7.

Question 200

Which of the following is true about the use of grammar and syntax by most 3-year-olds?
They typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense.
They typically use multiclause sentences and are able to tell stories.
They rarely use the passive voice.
They are unaware of the difference between “I,” “you,” and “we.”

Answer 200

They typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense.

Question 201

Karen’s mother asked her if she knew where her father had kept the gardening tools after the two of them did some gardening together last Sunday. To answer this question, Karen is following the process of
storage.
ordinality.
encoding.
retrieval.

Answer 201

retrieval.

Question 202

Three-year-old Sarah playfully hit her brother, Adam, on Saturday evening. When Adam woke up with a fever the next morning, Sarah concluded that she made her brother sick by hitting him. This is an example of
animism.
conservation.
transduction.
categorization.

Answer 202

transduction.

Question 203

Timothy does not understand that transforming the shape of a liquid does not change the amount of liquid. Which of the following limitations of preoperational thought is illustrated here?
conservation
categorization
ordinality
animism

Answer 203

conservation

Question 204

Social emotions typically develop by the end of the ________ of life.
twelfth year
third year
ninth year
sixth year

Answer 204

third year

Question 205

Adam, a 5-year-old boy, is born out of wedlock, and his mother and grandparents do not care much about him and consider him a burden. As a result, he develops certain behavioral disorders and does not obey his family. In the context of Baumrind’s model of parenting styles, which of the following parenting styles has caused the behavioral disorders in Adam?
authoritative parenting
neglectful parenting
permissive parenting
authoritarian parenting

Answer 205

neglectful parenting

Question 206

The motivation to help others without expectation of reward that often involves self-denial or self-sacrifice is known as
egocentrism.
animism.
altruism.
pragmatism.

Answer 206

altruism.

Question 207

Five-year-old Lakeem has been imitating his father closely. Lakeem’s father has a successful construction business, and Lakeem proudly wears his father’s company hat everywhere. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach would describe Lakeem’s dress preference as a sign of his
regression to an older developmental stage.
fixation involving his mother.
identification with his same-sex parent.
sublimation of repressed conflicts.

Answer 207

identification with his same-sex parent.

Question 208

Lana asks her mother if she can have a friend over on a school night to study. Her mother quickly reminds her that the rule is no visitors on school nights and that she is not going to allow Lana to break it. Lana’s mother is most likely demonstrating a(n) ________ parenting style in this scenario.
neglectful
authoritarian
uninvolved
permissive

Answer 208

authoritarian

Question 209

The theory of sexual selection states that the selection of sexual partners is a response to the differing reproductive pressures early men and women confronted in the struggle for survival.
false
true

Answer 209

true

Question 210

In the context of discipline, which of the following is true of inductive techniques?
They tend to arouse empathy for the victim of wrongdoing.
They are intended to instill respect for parental authority.
They often result in mental health issues and criminal behavior in later life.
They involve the use of physical force such as spanking and hitting to correct behavior.

Answer 210

They tend to arouse empathy for the victim of wrongdoing.

Question 211

Children with ________ tend to attribute failure to their personal deficiencies, which they believe they are unable to change.
contingent self-esteem
reversible self-esteem
stable self-esteem
global self-esteem

Answer 211

contingent self-esteem

Question 212

New studies demonstrate the profound difficulty of predicting the outcome of sex assignment at birth, particularly on the basis of what the genitals look like.
true
false

Answer 212

true

Question 213

Children who are intensely emotional and low in self-control tend to express anger aggressively.
true
false

Answer 213

true

Question 214

Brandon, a 4-year-old boy, watches other children play, talks to other children, and makes suggestions about their games. However, he does not enter into the play. In the context of Parten’s categories of social and nonsocial play, which of the following types of play is described in this scenario?
solitary independent play
onlooker behavior
associative play
parallel play

Answer 214

onlooker behavior

Question 215

Behaviors, interests, attitudes, and skills considered appropriate for females and males in a given culture are
designed such that they are flexible and always changing.
denoted as gender roles.
determined solely by the biological correlates of gender.
collectively referred to as social conservation.

Answer 215

denoted as gender roles.

Question 216

About one-third to one-half of preschoolers, kindergarteners, and first graders show a “learned helplessness” pattern in which they usually
assume they will fail and do not bother to try.
learn new strategies to overcome helplessness.
seek help to improve their skills.
possess a strong sense of perseverance.

Answer 216

assume they will fail and do not bother to try.

Question 217

Alana’s teacher informs her mother that Alana has lied about doing her homework. When Alana comes home from school, her mother spanks her so that she never lies again. Alana’s mother’s reaction to her misdeed is termed
disciplinary action.
negative reinforcement.
relational aggression.
corporal punishment.

Answer 217

corporal punishment.

Question 218

Which of the following is true of children’s ability to understand and regulate emotions?
By about 9 years of age, children start to understand more complex aspects of emotion than before.
Emotions such as guilt and pride first begin to develop in children who are between ages 8 and 11.
The types of conversations about emotions children participate in seldom influence their understanding of conflicting emotions.
Preschoolers tend to be unaware that experiences can elicit emotions and are often based on desires.

Answer 218

By about 9 years of age, children start to understand more complex aspects of emotion than before.

Question 219

Reinforcing a child’s positive behavior through praise is an example of using an internal reinforcement.
false
true

Answer 219

false

Question 220

Self-concept is essentially a ________ construction.
physical
normative
biological
cognitive

Answer 220

cognitive

Question 221

Five-year-old Shawn is playing with his sister’s doll. She tells him to put it down because “boys do not play with dolls!” This is an example of a(n)
gender stereotype.
secular trend.
unconscious conflict.
natural sexual selection.

Answer 221

gender stereotype.

Question 222

Children with contingent self-esteem try new strategies until they find one that works.
true
false

Answer 222

false

Question 223

At age 4, children’s self-descriptions are likely to be
balanced and comprehensive.
combinations of positive and negative evaluations of self.
abstract and self-critical.
unrealistically positive.

Answer 223

unrealistically positive.

Question 224

Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal is known as
relational aggression.
instrumental aggression.
overt aggression.
hostile aggression.

Answer 224

instrumental aggression.

Question 225

Abigail has become aware that she is a female and that females are different from males. Abigail has acquired
neutral gender schema.
gender identity.
biological understanding.
natural sexual selection.

Answer 225

gender identity.

Question 226

Formal games with rules
are organized games with known procedures and penalties, such as hopscotch and marbles.
are called object games as they involve the use of objects or materials to make something, such as a house of blocks or a crayon drawing.
involve make-believe objects, actions, or roles and rest on the symbolic function.
are restricted to locomotor play, which consists of repeated practice of large muscular movements.

Answer 226

are organized games with known procedures and penalties, such as hopscotch and marbles.

Question 227

Children with noncontingent self-esteem attribute failure to their personal deficiencies, which they believe they are unable to change.
true
false

Answer 227

false

Question 228

________ are directed toward the self and include guilt, shame, and pride.
Basic emotions
Innate emotions
Social emotions
Primary emotions

Answer 228

Social emotions

Question 229

Which of the following statements best represents an individual who has noncontingent self-esteem?
“I could not win the race because my horse was not physically fit.”
“I lost the spelling bee competition because I am dyslexic.”
“I cannot dance. I have two left feet.”
“I could not finish the test on time because I am bad at time management.”

Answer 229

“I could not win the race because my horse was not physically fit.”

Question 230

Tiffany, a 5-year-old girl, prefers boys as her playmates and likes to play with boys’ toys. Her worried parents consult a child psychologist. The psychologist informs them that Tiffany has high prenatal levels of male sex hormones. He tells them that prenatal exposure in utero is the reason for Tiffany’s behavior. In the context of gender development, Tiffany is most likely suffering from which of the following?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Leydig cell hypoplasia
conduct disorder
androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 230

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 231

By knowing a child’s sex, one can predict whether that particular boy or girl will be faster, stronger, smarter, more obedient, or more assertive than another child.
false
true

Answer 231

false

Question 232

Unlike separation anxiety, social anxiety
is unlikely to result from traumatic experiences.
is seen in children from close-knit families.
tends to increase with age.
is normal in infancy.

Answer 232

tends to increase with age.

Question 233

Changes in the density of the white matter in the corpus callosum may underlie the advances seen in ________ during late childhood.
fine motor control
spatial understanding
language skills
IQ

Answer 233

fine motor control

Question 234

Which of the following is true of obstructive sleep apnea?
It is a severe form of insomnia.
It can be treated with continuous positive airway pressure therapy.
It is common during middle childhood because children are allowed to set their own bedtimes.
Its primary symptom is resistance to going to bed.

Answer 234

It can be treated with continuous positive airway pressure therapy.

Question 235

Justin, a 9-year-old boy, has been given detention several times within the last 8 months for unruly and disruptive behavior during class. His teachers have reported that he often talks back and is rude toward them. He disobeys his parents and frequently fights with his siblings. Justin does not have any friends at school, as other children are put off by his behavior. He is most likely to be diagnosed with
pervasive developmental disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
oppositional defiant disorder.
school phobia.

Answer 235

oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 236

To avoid overweight and prevent cardiac problems, children should
get at least 15 to 20 percent of their calories from added sugars.
get only about 35 to 45 percent of their total calories from fat.
consume less than 20 percent of their total calories from complex carbohydrates.
consume less than 10 percent of their total calories from saturated fat.

Answer 236

consume less than 10 percent of their total calories from saturated fat.

Question 237

When children have limited verbal and conceptual skills or have suffered emotional trauma, ________ can help them describe what is troubling them without putting their feelings into words.
art therapy
family therapy
psychoanalytic therapy
drug therapy

Answer 237

art therapy

Question 238

The parietal lobes of the brain deal with
spatial understanding.
language.
motor movements.
emotional expression.

Answer 238

spatial understanding.

Question 239

In the frontal lobes of the human brain, gray matter volume peaks at age 11.
false
true

Answer 239

true

Question 240

Primary teeth begin to fall out at about age 6 and are replaced by permanent teeth at a rate of about four teeth per year for the next 5 years.
false
true

Answer 240

true

Question 241

________ is the result of an insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.
Hypertension
Type 1 diabetes
Asthma
Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 241

Type 1 diabetes

Question 242

Which of the following therapies seeks to change negative thoughts through gradual exposure, modeling, rewards, or positive self-talk?
cognitive behavioral therapy
psychoanalytic therapy
art therapy
drug therapy

Answer 242

cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 243

Vigorous play that involves wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming, is referred to as
sociodramatic play.
rough-and-tumble play.
cooperative play.
parallel play.

Answer 243

rough-and-tumble play.

Question 244

Children typically outgrow temper tantrums and disobedient, disregardful, argumentative, hostile, or deliberately annoying behaviors by middle childhood. When such a pattern of behavior persists after age 8, children may be diagnosed with
oppositional defiant disorder.
school phobia.
antisocial personality disorder.
separation anxiety.

Answer 244

oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 245

Which of the following is true of childhood depression?
It involves feelings of worthlessness and a prolonged sense of friendlessness.
It involves compulsive behaviors, such as constant hand-washing.
It is an anxiety disorder.
It involves normal, temporary sadness.

Answer 245

It involves feelings of worthlessness and a prolonged sense of friendlessness

Question 246

Chronic medical conditions refer to
infections and warts.
recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services.
occasional, short-term illnesses.
diseases for which there are no known cures and treatment in modern medicine or in alternative medicine.

Answer 246

recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services.

Question 247

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
school phobia
dyslexia
conduct disorder
oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 247

school phobia

Question 248

Martin is 10 years old. Since the death of his grandmother 6 months ago, he has been reluctant to be away from his mother. He finds it difficult to sleep at night without his mother next to him. Martin refuses to stay over at any of his friends’ houses. While he is at school, he worries that his mother might not be there when he goes home. Based on the given information, Martin is most likely to be diagnosed with
dependent personality disorder.
oppositional defiant disorder.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
separation anxiety disorder.

Answer 248

separation anxiety disorder.

Question 249

White matter density of the brain steadily decreases during middle childhood.
false
true

Answer 249

false

Question 250

The ability to understand the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship between each of them to a third is called
spatial thinking.
seriation.
transitive inference.
centration.

Answer 250

transitive inference.

Question 251

Which of the following is true of children with learning disabilities?
They tend to be more task-oriented than children without learning disabilities.
They often have near-average to higher-than-average intelligence.
They easily process sensory information.
They have distorted vision and hearing.

Answer 251

They often have near-average to higher-than-average intelligence.

Question 252

Molly, an 8-year-old, is shown a measuring cup full of cornmeal, which is then poured onto a countertop and spread around. She is asked whether the spread-out cornmeal is the same quantity as, or different in quantity from, the cornmeal when it was in the cup. Molly says, “It’s just the same cornmeal.” In the context of the cognitive developments during Piaget’s stage of concrete operations, Molly understands the principle of
identity.
seriation.
ordinality.
decalage.

Answer 252

identity.

Question 253

Which of the following is true about the social and home influences on academic achievement in children?
Children high in self-efficacy are less likely to succeed than students who do not believe in their abilities.
Children who are disliked by their peers tend to do better in school.
Parental involvement has a positive effect on academic achievement in children.
Achievement gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged students reduce from kindergarten to third grade.

Answer 253

Parental involvement has a positive effect on academic achievement in children.

Question 254

Eight-year-old Julia can arrange toys according to their size, from the biggest to the smallest. She knows that if toy A is bigger than toy B and toy B is bigger than toy C, then toy A is bigger than toy C. In the context of Piagetian cognitive development, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?
number and mathematics
spatial thinking and centration
cause and effect
seriation and transitive inference

Answer 254

seriation and transitive inference

Question 255

A researcher shows a group of 8-year-old children 20 fruits, out of which 12 are oranges. He asks them if there are more oranges or more fruits. The children answer that there are more fruits than there are oranges. In the context of Piagetian cognitive development, this scenario primarily exemplifies the concept of
transitive inference.
conservation.
class inclusion.
seriation.

Answer 255

class inclusion.

Question 256

The type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class is called
inductive reasoning.
horizontal decalage.
transitive inference.
deductive reasoning.

Answer 256

inductive reasoning.

Question 257

Esther, a third grader, takes an intelligence test called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. In the context of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following will be reflected in Esther’s IQ scores given by the test?
Esther’s interpersonal intelligence
Esther’s bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Esther’s logical-mathematical intelligence
Esther’s naturalistic intelligence

Answer 257

Esther’s logical-mathematical intelligence

Question 258

Which of the following explains why children master different types of conservation problems at different ages?
spatial thinking
inductive reasoning
horizontal décalage
transitive inference

Answer 258

horizontal décalage

Question 259

Which of the following is true about dyslexia?
It hinders the development of oral as well as written language skills.
It is primarily caused by environmental exposure to lead or high levels of mercury.
It is more common among girls than among boys.
It is considered an issue of intelligence.

Answer 259

It hinders the development of oral as well as written language skills.

Question 260

The phonetic approach is based on the belief that children can learn to read and write naturally, just as they learn to speak.
true
false

Answer 260

false

Question 261

Which of the following elements of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence determines how people deal with their environment and represents their ability to size up a situation and decide what to do, adapt to it, change it, or get out of it?
the componential element
the naturalistic element
the experiential element
the contextual element

Answer 261

the contextual element

Question 262

Finn, a third grader, takes an intelligence test called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. In the context of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following will not be reflected in Finn’s IQ scores given by the test?
Finn’s linguistic intelligence
Finn’s logical intelligence
Finn’s mathematical intelligence
Finn’s bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Answer 262

Finn’s bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Question 263

The ability to arrange items according to one or more relevant dimensions is called
centration.
seriation.
causation.
conservation.

Answer 263

seriation.

Question 264

The type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member of the class is called
horizontal decalage.
inductive reasoning.
transitive inference.
deductive reasoning.

Answer 264

deductive reasoning.

Question 265

Connor, a first-grade teacher, teaches his students how to read by assigning them tasks that focus on memorizing sound-letter correspondences. He asks his students to pronounce the unfamiliar word “collaboration” and translate it from print to speech. In this scenario, Connor is
using the phonetic (code-emphasis) approach to teaching reading.
utilizing various contextual cues to help the students read.
emphasizing visual retrieval, which helps the students read.
using the whole-language approach to teaching reading.

Answer 265

using the phonetic (code-emphasis) approach to teaching reading.

Question 266

Which of the following is true about the influence of schooling on intelligence?
Scores attained on assessment tests in school are not correlated with IQ.
Schooling seems to increase tested intelligence.
The type of schooling does not impact intellectual performance.
The cognitive gains associated with schooling are general in nature.

Answer 266

Schooling seems to increase tested intelligence.

Question 267

Which of the following elements of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence allows people to compare new information with what they already know and to come up with new ways of putting facts together?
the naturalistic element
the componential element
the contextual element
the experiential element

Answer 267

the experiential element

Question 268

Muhammad, a second grader, wants to memorize a list containing the following words: cat, chrysanthemum, horse, honeybee, snake, spider, and cactus. He categorizes cat, horse, and snake as animals; honeybee and spider as insects; and chrysanthemum and cactus as plants. Memorizing the names of these categories helps him remember the members of the categories. In this scenario, Muhammad is using a form of a mnemonic device called
rehearsal.
organization.
conformity.
elaboration.

Answer 268

organization.

Question 269

A(n) ________ determines how much you currently know.
aptitude test
attitude test
personality test
achievement test

Answer 269

achievement test

Question 270

Sergio speaks Spanish but is learning English as well. While he is in the process of learning English, he is taking the other classes in Spanish as this will help him progress faster academically. Which of the following terms best describes this approach to teaching English?
colloquial learning
bilingual education
the English-immersion approach
the phonetic approach

Answer 270

bilingual education

Question 271

The ________ is a sweeping educational reform emphasizing accountability, expanded parental options, local control, flexibility, and standardized yearly testing of progress objectives.
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
Free Appropriate Public Education Act of 1973
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975

Answer 271

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Question 272

Which of the following is true about the English-immersion approach to teaching English?
It is an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding unfamiliar words.
It is an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues.
It is an approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.
It is a system of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English instruction.

Answer 272

It is an approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.

Question 273

The traditional criterion of giftedness is high general intelligence as shown by an IQ score of
100.
less than 90.
between 110 and 120.
130 or more.

Answer 273

130 or more.

Question 274

Which of the following is true of children in the concrete operations stage of Piagetian cognitive development?
They think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations, and think about possibilities.
They have a better understanding of spatial concepts than do preoperational children.
They learn about the environment for the first time through sensory and motor activities.
They are approximately between ages 3 and 5.

Answer 274

They have a better understanding of spatial concepts than do preoperational children.

Question 275

Which of the following statements is true of peer groups in middle childhood?
Children segregate themselves by sex and engage in different activities because of boys’ higher activity levels and more vigorous play.
Boys’ and girls’ peer groups engage in similar types of activities.
Same-sex peer groups prevent children from incorporating gender roles into their self-concept.
Boys have more intimate conversations characterized by prosocial interactions and shared confidences.

Answer 275

Children segregate themselves by sex and engage in different activities because of boys’ higher activity levels and more vigorous play.

Question 276

Which of the following is true of the development of children of gay and lesbian parents?
Children raised by homosexual parents are more likely to become homosexual than children of heterosexual parents.
They are more likely to have emotional problems than children of heterosexual parents.
They usually have negative relationships with their parents.
There are no consistent differences between children raised by homosexual parents and children raised by heterosexual parents.

Answer 276

There are no consistent differences between children raised by homosexual parents and children raised by heterosexual parents.

Question 277

Mia, a 12-year-old girl, dislikes her classmate Alice. She often spreads rumors about Alice and encourages others to ignore her. Mia uses similar tactics to hurt other girls in her school. Mia’s behavior exemplifies which of the following?
relational aggression
instrumental aggression
direct aggression
physical aggression

Answer 277

relational aggression

Question 278

Mark is a 9-year-old boy. Which of the following, if true, would indicate that he has low effortful control?
He becomes very angry and throws a tantrum whenever his parents refuse to buy him a toy.
He thinks girls are boring and plays only with boys.
He knows that he is very good at math and science and not that good at geography and history.
He always shows a keen interest in doing things himself and learning new skills.

Answer 278

He becomes very angry and throws a tantrum whenever his parents refuse to buy him a toy.

Question 279

Leonard, who is in third grade, was initially unable to grasp the concepts taught in his math classes. However, with additional help from his parents and increased practice, he was able to improve his math skills. According to Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, by successfully resolving this crisis, Leonard acquired the virtue of
autonomy.
competence.
consideration.
basic trust.

Answer 279

competence.

Question 280

The tendency for individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense is known as
confirmation bias.
self-serving bias.
choice-supportive bias.
hostile attribution bias.

Answer 280

hostile attribution bias.

Question 281

The cognitive growth that takes place during middle childhood enables children to
develop more complex concepts of themselves than before.
form the belief that they can fulfill their needs and obtain their desires.
develop trust and the belief that the world is friendly and predictable.
form all-or-nothing concepts of themselves.

Answer 281

develop more complex concepts of themselves than before.

Question 282

Claire is always excluded by Regina and her group of friends from all activities in their class. They look down upon her because of her low economic status. Whenever she is not around, they talk negatively about her. In this scenario, Claire is facing
instrumental bullying.
relational bullying.
physical bullying.
cyberbullying.

Answer 282

relational bullying.

Question 283

Eight-year-old Stephanie is beginning to internalize the values of her parents and society. Although her parents supervise her behavior, they allow her to have periods of self-supervision. This sharing of power between Stephanie and her parents is referred to as
coregulation.
authoritative parenting.
self-regulation.
autocratic parenting.

Answer 283

coregulation.

Question 284

Identify a true statement about peer groups formed in middle childhood.
They help reduce prejudices and biases.
They are rarely gender-specific.
They tend to include children of different socioeconomic status.
They often consist of children of the same racial or ethnic origin.

Answer 284

They often consist of children of the same racial or ethnic origin.

Question 285

Holden is 10 years old and finds it easy to curb negative feelings and behavior. When his parents forbid him from doing certain things, such as watching television, he is able to hold back his irritation. This indicates that he has
low global self-worth.
high competence.
high effortful control.
low self-esteem.

Answer 285

high effortful control.

Question 286

Dan, who is bigger and stronger than most of his classmates, often pushes them to get ahead in queues. He often snatches food from other children during lunch hours. Dan is most likely engaged in
cyberbullying.
verbal bullying.
physical bullying.
relational bullying.

Answer 286

physical bullying.

Question 287

Jenny is new in her class and is having difficulty making friends. She is usually inattentive and withdrawn during class activities. In a classroom sociometric popularity study, she gets no nominations from the other students of her class. This indicates that Jenny is sociometrically
controversial.
average.
unpopular.
popular.

Answer 287

unpopular.

Question 288

Which of the following is true of sibling relationships?
High sibling conflict reduces internalizing and externalizing problems in children.
Mixed-sex dyads are higher in sibling intimacy than sisters.
Siblings learn about others’ points of view, negotiation, and problem solving through conflicts.
The negative influence of an older antisocial sibling on a younger sibling is limited to mixed-sex dyads.

Answer 288

Siblings learn about others’ points of view, negotiation, and problem solving through conflicts.

Question 289

Children of gays and lesbians are more likely to be confused about their gender than are children of heterosexuals.
true
false

Answer 289

false

Question 290

Self-esteem best reflects a child’s assessment of his or her
environment.
ideal self.
quantitative skills.
global self-worth.

Answer 290

global self-worth.

Question 291

Jane posted derogatory comments about Elaine on a social networking website. Jane also asked her friends to post such comments about Elaine. Jane’s actions against Elaine are an example of
cyberbullying.
emotional bullying.
physical bullying.
verbal bullying.

Answer 291

cyberbullying.

Question 292

Which of the following scenarios illustrates internalizing behaviors?
Ryan, an aggressive child, teases other children in his class, threatens to hit them, and takes their things.
Greg’s mother, who is a drug addict, hits him, and he fights with other boys at school to vent his frustrations.
Meghan, a cheerful girl, becomes depressed after her parents decide to file for divorce.
Anita, a 10-year-old girl, fails to control her anger and hits her friend when the friend breaks her favorite toy.

Answer 292

Meghan, a cheerful girl, becomes depressed after her parents decide to file for divorce.

Question 293

Which of the following statements is true about poverty and children?
Children living with married couples are more likely to be poor than children living with single mothers.
Poverty affects children’s self-esteem, but it does not seem to affect their peer relations or conduct.
Effective parenting can buffer children from the effects of low socioeconomic status.
Poor children are less likely than other children to have emotional or behavioral problems.

Answer 293

Effective parenting can buffer children from the effects of low socioeconomic status.

Question 294

Compared with younger children of divorce, older children
tend to suffer from more behavior problems.
tend to show no signs of anxiety or depression prior to the divorce.
are less likely to be at risk with respect to social outcomes.
tend to be at higher risk with respect to academic outcomes.

Answer 294

tend to be at higher risk with respect to academic outcomes.

Question 295

Barnett, a non-Hispanic, white boy, often played with Lian, an Asian American boy. Barnett’s group of friends did not accept Lian and picked on him as he looked different. Barnett gave in to the pressure to conform and adopted his peer group’s attitude toward Lian. He began to view Lian as an outsider and stopped playing with him. The attitude of Barnett and his peer group toward Lian exemplifies the concept of
prejudice.
hostile attribution bias.
instrumental aggression.
coregulation.

Answer 295

prejudice.

Question 296

Which of the following is true of bullying?
Bullying is harmful to both bullies and victims.
Risk factors for victimization seem to differ across cultures.
Bullying refers to accidental acts of violence.
Schools in industrialized countries rarely have instances of bullying.

Answer 296

Bullying is harmful to both bullies and victims.

Question 297

Which of the following statements is true about adopted children in the United States?
Children adopted after 1 year of age are less likely than those adopted in infancy to show disturbances in their attachment patterns.
Cognitively, adoption is usually detrimental to children.
Adoption rates for children born to women of color are extremely low at present.
Transracial adoptions, where at least one parent is of a different race than the child, are common.

Answer 297

Transracial adoptions, where at least one parent is of a different race than the child, are common.

Question 298

During puberty, an increase in _____ in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in two key reproductive hormones, which are follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
insulin levels
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
dehydroepiandrosterone
blood sugar or blood glucose levels

Answer 298

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 299

Which of the following occurs in the second stage of puberty?
In boys, the testes increase the manufacture of testosterone.
The adrenal glands stop secreting dehydroepiandrosterone.
There is a reduction in body growth.
In girls, the ovaries increase their output of androgens.

Answer 299

In boys, the testes increase the manufacture of testosterone.

Question 300

________ is the repeated, harmful use of a substance and is likely to lead to ________, which may be physiological, psychological, or both and is likely to continue into adulthood.
Substance deprivation; substance dependence
Substance deprivation; substance abuse
Substance dependence; substance abuse
Substance abuse; substance dependence

Answer 300

Substance abuse; substance dependence

Question 301

Which of the following is true about depression during adolescence?
Depression rates generally decrease with increasing age.
Adolescent boys, especially early maturing boys, are more likely to be depressed than adolescent girls.
At least one in five persons who experience bouts of depression in childhood or adolescence are at risk for bipolar disorder.
Depression in young people necessarily appears as sadness rather than as irritability, boredom, or inability to experience pleasure.

Answer 301

At least one in five persons who experience bouts of depression in childhood or adolescence are at risk for bipolar disorder.

Question 302

In boys, the ovaries increase the manufacture of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulate growth of male genitals.
true
false

Answer 302

false

Question 303

In the context of nutrition and eating disorders, which of the following is an early warning sign of anorexia nervosa in adolescent girls?
determined, secret dieting
setting higher weight goals after reaching an initial desired weight
excessive bleeding during menstrual cycles
excessively inactive lifestyle

Answer 303

determined, secret dieting

Question 304

The onset of puberty for Molly was at the age of 9. Her mother entered puberty at the age of 11, and her grandmother entered puberty at the age of 13. This best illustrates a
sexual difference.
cross-sectional section.
secular trend.
physiological trend.

Answer 304

secular trend.

Question 305

The adolescent growth spurt typically lasts about 2 years.
true
false

Answer 305

true

Question 306

Which of the following is true of obesity?
Weight-loss programs that use behavioral modification techniques have not shown any success.
Overweight teenagers tend to be in poorer health than their peers.
Undernutrition and overweight are mutually exclusive.
Overweight teenagers are unlikely to remain obese in adulthood.

Answer 306

Overweight teenagers tend to be in poorer health than their peers.

Question 307

Which of the following is an eating disorder that is characterized by self-starvation and extreme weight loss?
dyslexia
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
pica

Answer 307

anorexia nervosa

Question 308

Which of the following is true of puberty in humans?
The first stage of puberty occurs between ages 4 and 6.
In boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione.
Girls have higher levels of androgens, and boys have higher levels of estrogen.
Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs.

Answer 308

Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs.

Question 309

The first ejaculation that occurs at an average age of 13 in boys is known as
menstruation.
menarche.
spermarche.
follicle stimulation.

Answer 309

spermarche.

Question 310

Cognitive stimulation in adolescence makes a critical difference in the brain’s development.
false
true

Answer 310

true

Question 311

Studies suggest that an accumulation of ________, a hormone associated with obesity, is likely to be the link between body fat and earlier puberty in girls.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
leptin
dehydroepiandrosterone
melatonin

Answer 311

leptin

Question 312

Girls with a higher percentage of body fat in early childhood and those who experience unusual weight gain between ages 5 and 9 tend to show earlier pubertal development than their peers.
false
true

Answer 312

true

Question 313

Which of the following is true of brain structures in adolescents?
The fully developed frontal cortical systems associated with motivation, impulsivity, and addiction may help explain why adolescents tend to seek thrills and novelty.
The pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood results in a reduction in density of gray matter, thus decreasing the brain’s efficiency.
By mid- to late adolescence, young people have fewer but stronger, smoother, and more effective neuronal connections, making cognitive processing more efficient.
Adolescents process information similarly as adults do.

Answer 313

By mid- to late adolescence, young people have fewer but stronger, smoother, and more effective neuronal connections, making cognitive processing more efficient.