Psychology Final Exam Flashcards
________________ is the psychologist most often credited with making the major breakthroughs in understanding self-actualization.
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow
The process of achieving individuation implies
developing a harmonious and integrated personality
separating from the influence of early childhood experiences
being self-actualized
developing a harmonious and integrated personality
Self-actualization is best described as
something that only mature adults can accomplish if they have mastered all developmental tasks of earlier years
settling for a complacent existence, with neither challenge nor excitement
working toward fulfilling our potential, toward becoming all that we are capable of becoming
being pain-free, not allowing outside circumstances to affect our peace of mind
working toward fulfilling our potential, toward becoming all that we are capable of becoming
Which of the following is not a characteristic of self-actualizing people?
possessing a sense of humor
sense of social interest
being completely independent and isolated
having a capacity for real love and fusion with another
being completely independent and isolated
If you define success as striving to learn something new and stretching yourself even at the risk of encountering struggle and setbacks, it is likely that you have
a challenge mindset
a growth mindset
an immature mindset
a fixed mindset
a growth mindset
Carl Rogers’s theory focused on
the importance of nonjudgmental listening and acceptance as a condition for people to feel free enough to change
striving toward self-actualization
the goal of individuation, or a fully harmonious and integrated personality
social interest as the standard by which to judge psychological health
the importance of nonjudgmental listening and acceptance as a condition for people to feel free enough to change
According to Prochaska and Norcross, when an individual is taking steps to modify his or her behavior to solve a problem, he or she is considered to be in which of the following stages?
precontemplation
contemplation
action
maintenance
action
According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible only when
we come to terms with our parents
we resolve our mid-life crises
we understand our dreams
our most basic needs are fulfilled
our most basic needs are fulfilled
Michael likes to read maps, charts, and diagrams. He is able to visualize clear images when he thinks about things. He is planning to become an engineer and his favorite classes are those in which he can design and create things. Michael has the following intellectual orientation:
verbal-linguistic
intrapersonal
visual-spatial
logical-mathematical
visual-spatial
Ron is living on the streets. His alcoholism has brought him to this point and he is depressed. He is seeking help at a homeless shelter and has asked to see a counselor. According to Maslow’s theory, the first goal of counseling would be to help Ron with
fulfilling his wishes and wants
meeting his physiological needs
working on his need for esteem, both from self and others
the search for self-actualization
meeting his physiological needs
Emotional intelligence pertains to the ability to:
form responsible interpersonal relationships
empathize with others
all of these
control impulses
all of these
Once our physiological needs have been met, our focus will then be meeting our
love needs
wants
esteem needs
safety needs
safety needs
According to Maslow, we are able to strive toward self-actualization once the following needs are met
belongingness, freedom, basic honesty and caring
spiritual, psychological, cognitive, and emotional
autonomy, love, and esteem
physiological, safety, love, and esteem
physiological, safety, love, and esteem
If you are a kinesthetic learner, you prefer to learn by
doing; by getting physically involved through movement and action
reading, watching videos, and observing demonstrations
listening to lectures and discussing what you’ve heard
reciting information and teaching others
doing; by getting physically involved through movement and action
_______________ developed a theory largely based on his early childhood experiences of struggling to overcome weaknesses and feelings of inferiority.
Abraham Maslow
Alfred Adler
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
The term ___________ refers to your cognitive awareness about yourself. It is your private mental image of yourself and a collection of beliefs about the kind of person you are.
self-esteem
personality profile
ideal self
self-concept
self-concept
John is an adolescent who feels overwhelmed by the pressures placed on him to go to college and make an occupational choice that will lead to financial independence. His girlfriend wants to get married, and he doesn’t want to lose her, so he feels pressured to make a commitment that he doesn’t feel ready to make. According to Erikson, John is dealing with the following core struggle:
industry vs. inadequacy.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
generativity vs. despair.
identity vs. role confusion.
identity vs. role confusion.
Sue was a passive teenager, but at age 30, she began to work hard at being an assertive woman. Recently, when faced with an angry husband, she reverted to her passive stance. Sue is using the following defense mechanism:
projection
compensation
regression
denial
regression
The phenomenon of parents of being overprotective of their millennial-generation children and constantly checking their whereabouts has been referred to as
permissive parenting
helicopter parenting
authoritative parenting
cyber parenting
helicopter parenting
Patrick likes to “party” on the weekends and was recently charged with driving while intoxicated. He explains his predicament by saying “Everyone does it! I just got caught!” This is an example of
denial
displacement
rationalization
projection
rationalization
Which factors below influence the extent to which children develop resilience?
all of these
level of parental involvement
temperament
intelligence
all of these
The term autonomy refers to
mature independence and interdependence.
being totally independent.
d. an unconscious psychological process of letting go of the need for approval from others.
the need for privacy.
mature independence and interdependence.
Some children are outgoing, whereas others tend to stay in the background; some are quickly irritated, whereas others are rarely in a bad mood; some children respond aggressively, whereas others have a more gentle nature. These examples reflect differences in
temperament
gender
parenting style
attachment style
temperament
According to Erikson, the core struggle during infancy is
self-reliance vs. doubt.
trust vs. mistrust.
initiative vs. guilt.
industry vs. guilt.
trust vs. mistrust.
According to Erikson, a critical time for forming personal identity, finding meaningful life goals, and creating meaning in life is during
middle childhood
young adulthood
adolescence
early childhood
adolescence
According to Erikson, during the preschool years children will
initiate many of their own activities.
increase their capacity to understand and use language.
all of these
widen their circle of significant persons.
identify with their own gender.
all of these
Cyberbullying is a formidable threat among teens, and can lead to all of the following except
headaches
stomach aches
academic failure
high self-esteem
high self-esteem
Helen is a college student who suffers from test anxiety and fear of failure. These problems began during early childhood when she started school younger than her peers. She failed at tasks that were easily accomplished by most of her schoolmates. Although Helen knows she has problems taking tests, she does not remember the traumatic events that led to her fear of failure. She is using the following defense mechanism:
regression
repression
projection
displacement
repression
Defense mechanisms can be thought of as
reactions used primarily by mentally distressed individuals.
unhealthy reactions to stress.
psychological strategies that we use to protect our self-concept against unpleasant emotions.
most effective when used as the primary means to cope with stress
psychological strategies that we use to protect our self-concept against unpleasant emotions.
Iryna’s parents have adopted an authoritarian parenting style. Which of the following statements would they most likely make?
“Whatever Iryna wants to do is fine with us. If she feels like taking an easier math class this semester, that’s her choice.”
“It’s up to the school to decide what classes Iryna should take. That’s why we pay taxes—so parents don’t have to deal with their children’s education.”
“We insist Iryna take the most demanding math course and bring home an A+.”
“Iryna has such strong aptitude in math and we want her to feel the satisfaction of accomplishing a challenging goal, so we will encourage her to take an advanced math course.”
“We insist Iryna take the most demanding math course and bring home an A+.”
Kevin is a 32-year-old unemployed man who lives with his parents. He has no plans to look for a job and spends much of his time in bars using his father’s credit card to buy himself and others alcohol. Based on this information, it is likely that his parents raised him using
a neglectful parenting style
a permissive parenting style
an authoritarian parenting style
an authoritative parenting style
a permissive parenting style
Annie feels incompetent in many areas of her life. She is fearful of being seen as foolish, so she seldom initiates any action. During her preschool years, many of her actions were ridiculed by family members and she ultimately withdrew from taking an active stance. According to Erikson, Annie failed to overcome the barriers associated with the following stage of development:
industry vs inferiority
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
initiative vs. guilt
______________ was the developer of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
Abraham Maslow
Albert Ellis
Eric Berne
Carl Rogers
Albert Ellis
It would be most accurate to say that parents give their children ________________ life scripts.
neutral
only positive
positive and/or negative
only negative
positive and/or negative
The following is characteristic behavior of people who have achieved a sense of intimacy:
all of these
trusting others and themselves in relationships.
establishing a clear sense of their own identity.
being tolerant of differences in others.
all of these
Nancy’s coworker earned a promotion and is transferring to the company’s headquarters in a different city. Nancy is convinced that her coworker’s real reason for leaving is to get away from her. She is committing which of the following cognitive errors?
overgeneralization
dichotomous thinking
selective abstraction
personalization
personalization
Rational emotive behavior therapy teaches people how to
challenge faulty injunctions.
dispute irrational beliefs.
evaluate early childhood survival roles.
control actual life events that upset us.
dispute irrational beliefs.
In transactional analysis, the theory is built on the assumption that adults make decisions:
only after they have explored their unconscious wishes and fears.
in accordance with the demands placed on them by society.
based on past premises.
in early childhood, which once made, are unable to be changed.
based on past premises.
James looks back on his life with regrets, wishing that he could relive his life in such a way that he would devote more time to his family and less time to his work. According to Erikson, James has not successfully resolved the psychosocial crisis of
intimacy vs. isolation.
integrity vs. despair.
identity vs. identity confusion.
generativity vs. stagnation.
integrity vs. despair.
The struggle toward autonomy entails
working for our own approval, rather than living according to someone else’s design.
understanding the ways our early decisions influence our present behavior.
sorting out our values.
all of these
all of these
The life script, or plan for one’s life, is an important contribution of transactional analysis and is made up of
genetic predisposition and psychological conditioning.
injunctions that cannot be changed once they are formed.
transactions and parental interactions.
both parental teaching and early decisions we made as a child.
both parental teaching and early decisions we made as a child.
When children hear and accept the parental injunction “Don’t make mistakes,” they may
play down any accomplishments.
equate making mistakes with being a failure.
accept the message not to seek success
believe that they are not important.
equate making mistakes with being a failure.
A major crisis that often occurs during middle adulthood is
getting established in a career.
establishing one’s identity.
taking responsibility for oneself
coming to the realization that some of our youthful dreams will never materialize.
coming to the realization that some of our youthful dreams will never materialize.
According to practitioners of rational emotive behavior therapy, our emotional upsets are
caused by traumatic events in life.
caused by rejection from those we love.
caused by regression into childhood behavior.
the result of our faulty thinking.
the result of our faulty thinking.
According to Erikson, the central issue of late adulthood is
integrity vs. despair
identity vs. identity confusion
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
trust vs. mistrust
integrity vs. despair
According to transactional analysis, early messages that we pick up from our parents are called
redecisions
conjunctions
injunctions
distortions
injunctions
According to transactional analysis, life scripts
are the early decisions we make as children
all of these are accurate
begin in infancy with subtle nonverbal messages
are made up of parental teachings
all of these are accurate
________ predisposes us to discriminate against the elderly by avoiding them or in some way victimizing them because of their age alone.
denial
procrastination
projectionism
ageism
ageism
.______________________—thinking of the worst case scenario and the most horrendous outcome that could happen—is a common arbitrary inference.
Overgeneralization
Selective Abstraction
Catastrophizing
Personalization
Catastrophizing
One theory of human development that focuses on the period from roughly ages 18 to 25 is called
emerging autonomy
pubescence
late adolescence
emerging adulthood
emerging adulthood
he following is not true concerning unexpressed emotions:
There is a relationship between unexpressed emotions and the development of severe headaches, ulcers, and digestive problems.
Over time, unexpressed emotions will simply disappear.
When we seal off emotions such as grief and anger, we also keep ourselves from experiencing intense joy.
Unexpressed emotions can manifest themselves in physical symptoms
Over time, unexpressed emotions will simply disappear.
If you feel that you are basically unattractive, you may
all of these
tell yourself that others will see your defects and not want to be with you.
want to get close to others but be frightened of the possibility of meeting rejection.
contribute to the reactions that others have towards you by the messages you send them.
all of these
One form of exercise that most people can do on a regular basis, which helps their heart, lungs, and circulatory system is
running
pilates
playing baseball
brisk walking
brisk walking
Samantha, who is taking a heavy course load this semester, has been falling asleep in class and at home when she studies. She also seems moody, irritable, overly sensitive to criticism, tense, and she has difficulty concentrating and remembering things. A likely cause of these symptoms is
early onset Alzheimer’s Disease
sleep deprivation
a boring instructor
course material that is too difficult for her to comprehend
sleep deprivation
According to the Coreys, our body image
has nothing to do with cultural messages about our body.
is an important part of our self-concept.
has little to do with our adjustment in other areas of life.
is determined mainly by how others perceive us.
is an important part of our self-concept.
Childhood obesity is such a formidable threat to the well-being of an entire generation of young Americans that ______________introduced Let’s Move, a comprehensive initiative aimed at combating childhood obesity.
the producers of the popular TV show Dancing with the Stars
fitness guru Richard Simmons
President Barack Obama
First Lady Michelle Obama
First Lady Michelle Obama
Holistic health tends to focus on
the relationship between our body and the psychological, social, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of ourselves.
healing with herbs.
identifying symptoms of illness and curing disease.
discovering the appropriate medicine for a given ailment.
the relationship between our body and the psychological, social, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of ourselves.
Physicians report that it is common for patients to be more interested in __________________ than ________________________.
getting pills and removing symptoms; changing a stressful lifestyle.
having surgery; taking pills.
over-the-counter drugs; prescription medications.
changing a stressful lifestyle; getting pills and removing symptoms.
getting pills and removing symptoms; changing a stressful lifestyle.
Regarding weight problems and body image,
the same standards for ideal weight holds true across all cultures.
overweight people overeat simply because they get too hungry between meals.
anorexia and bulimia are frequently linked to the internalization of unrealistic standards.
men rarely obsess about having a perfect body.
anorexia and bulimia are frequently linked to the internalization of unrealistic standards.
According to the Coreys, the chronic practice of “swallowing emotions”
is a desirable way to deal with stress
is a good way to deal with grief and anger
generally will lead to experiencing more joy
can take a physical toll on our body
can take a physical toll on our body
Making a change in one’s lifestyle
almost always is related to a significant loss.
is a process, not a single event.
will not be permanent in the vast majority of cases .
almost always happens shortly after recognizing the need to change.
is a process, not a single event.
Which of the following statements is not true?
Spiritual practices may be as important to your overall well-being as eating and exercising.
Exercise is essential for cardiovascular fitness.
Getting adequate rest and sleep is not related to overall health.
A comprehensive view of health includes nourishing both your body and your spirit.
Getting adequate rest and sleep is not related to overall health.
Childhood obesity can lead to problems such as
diabetes
all of these
asthma
heart disease
all of these
Which of the following events would be least likely to cause PTSD?
a disagreement with a friend
sexual assault
a natural disaster
a terrorist attack
a disagreement with a friend
A drawback to depending on drugs and alcohol to reduce stress is that
we numb ourselves both physically and psychologically.
it compounds our problems rather than solving them.
once the effects of drugs and alcohol wear off, we are still confronted by the painful reality that we sought to avoid.
all of these
all of these
Stress can be considered
an inevitable part of life
all of these
something that we must learn how to cope with
something that can threaten our physical and psychological well-being.
all of these
Jane experiences a great deal of pressure to perform on her job. She tells herself that “I must do this job perfectly.” This stress-producing statement is
an irrelevant statement
passive/aggressive
based on the truth
a self-defeating belief.
a self-defeating belief.
_________ is considered to be repeated and unwanted sexually-oriented behavior in the form of comments, gestures, or physical contacts.
pre-rape behavior
sexual abuse
sexual harassment
incest
sexual harassment
__________ is a state of physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual exhaustion as a result of repeated pressures, often associated with intense involvement with people over long periods of time.
apathy
burnout
cognitive dissonance
stress
burnout
In the Coreys’ work with women who have a history of sexual abuse, they found it was therapeutic for the women to
simply share the burden associated with the abuse that they have been carrying alone for many years.
confront the victimizer in group.
accept the reality that they were indeed victims and learn to direct their anger inward.
cut off their feelings as a survival tactic.
simply share the burden associated with the abuse that they have been carrying alone for many years.
_____________________ are _________________ symptoms of PTSD.
Intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and nightmares; common
Alienation, avoidance, and agitation; rare
Alienation, avoidance, and agitation; not
Intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and nightmares; not
Intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and nightmares; common
Joseph is an executive in a large corporation that has shown continuous growth since he was hired. Joseph believes that his success has been determined by his abilities and the actions he has taken. According to the text, he has
a narcissistic need for recognition.
an external locus of control.
an internal locus of control.
problems giving credit to others.
an internal locus of control.
Researchers have addressed the question of who stays well and why. Kobasa identified a personality pattern that is characterized by an appetite for challenge, a sense of commitment, and a strong sense of being in control of one’s lives. This personality style is considered
hardy
confrontrational
energetic
motivated
hardy
_________ is a process of directing attention to a single, unchanging or repetitive stimulus as a way of quieting “internal noise” or “mind chatter.”
progressive relaxation
daydreaming
hypnosis
meditation
meditation
The effects of incest that takes place in early childhood
make it almost impossible to form intimate relationships during adolescence.
are generally forgotten and do not affect the victim in adult life.
are often carried over into adulthood.
always leads to promiscuity.
are often carried over into adulthood.
The meditative state has been shown to
induce profound relaxation but also reduce physical and psychological fatigue.
reduce the frequency of stress-related symptoms in people who consistently practice meditation.
all of these
all of these
Progressive muscular relaxation technique is a method of deep relaxation that starts with the following step:
Get comfortable, be quiet, and close your eyes.
Pay attention to your breathing, breath slowly through your nose and exhale slowly through your nose.
Tense and relax, proceeding through each muscle group.
Clench and release your muscles on each part of your body two or more times.
Get comfortable, be quiet, and close your eyes.
Janet has a high potential for burnout since she feels trapped in a job that feels meaningless. In order to balance her life, Janet needs to
disassociate mentally when she is at work.
use defensive strategies to alleviate job stress.
start taking some “mental health” days off from work.
create a variety of leisure pursuits that will give meaning to her life.
create a variety of leisure pursuits that will give meaning to her life.
Therapeutic massage is an excellent way to
develop awareness of the differences between tension and relaxation states.
all of these
discover where and how you are holding onto the tension produced by stressful situations.
learn ways to release the muscular tightness that often results when you are encountering stress.
all of these
The results of Kobasa’s study of high-stress executives who remained healthy, indicate that hardy individuals exhibited all of the following characteristics except:
strong sense of commitment
external locus of control
resistance to stress
liking for challenge
external locus of control
Carey was victimized by her father when she was a little child. As an adult, she may experience the effects of incest through
having difficulty trusting men who express affection for her, thinking they will take advantage of her.
blaming all men for her feelings of guilt and her betrayal and victimization.
all of these
an inability to form sexually satisfying relationships.
all of these
Adult survivors of childhood trauma
need to tell their story and be heard if healing is to occur.
should avoid group psychotherapy as a treatment modality due to their vulnerabilities.
should not tell their story since it will stir up painful feelings and memories.
have a relatively easy time separating their past trauma from their current realities.
need to tell their story and be heard if healing is to occur.
Individuals with an internal locus of control
encode stress-producing situations as compounding pressure.
believe they can influence events and their reactions to events and accept responsibility for their actions.
believe that what happens to them is determined by factors such as luck, fate, or chance.
need reassurance when making life changes.
believe they can influence events and their reactions to events and accept responsibility for their actions.
People who burn out
work at conquering feelings of helplessness, since such feelings lead to frustration and anger.
tend to experience feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.
typically strive to set realistic goals in order to avoid frustration.
tend to “work smarter” rather than working harder.
tend to experience feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.
With regard to work-related stress, positive psychologist Dr. Tal Ben-Shahar believes that the real problem
is linked to unfulfilling tasks at work.
is abusive supervisors who treat their employees poorly.
lies in a lack of sufficient recovery time following work sessions.
is unproductive group norms in the work environment.
lies in a lack of sufficient recovery time following work sessions.
Theresa is getting a degree in fine arts. She is a non-conformist, dressing to suit her personality, and expresses her personality by writing poetry and taking drama classes at the local community theater. According to Holland, Theresa has the following type of personality:
enterprising type
social type
abstract type
artistic type.
artistic type.
When making career decisions, it generally is wise to
match your personal characteristics with occupational information and trends in the world of work.
take the first path that comes to mind since it probably is the right path for you.
base your decision on your childhood dreams.
not dwell on how your values might influence your choice.
match your personal characteristics with occupational information and trends in the world of work.
Three types of toxic working conditions are described in the text. They include all of the following except
occupational
industrial
interpersonal
organizational
industrial
It is important to remember that career decision
involves implementing your career decision without fear.
is simply a matter of matching information about the world of work with your personality type.
is an ongoing process, rather than a step to be completed.
is a process by which you make one choice that you stay with permanently.
is an ongoing process, rather than a step to be completed.
Your career can be thought of as
your best source of self-fulfillment.
wish fulfillment
what you do to earn money to survive and to do the things you’d like to do.
your life’s work spanning a period of time and involving one or several job changes.
your life’s work spanning a period of time and involving one or several job changes.
People with poor self-concept
identify themselves with their work.
tend to see themselves as having a meaningful job.
are not likely to envision themselves in a meaningful job.
generally do well in the world of work.
are not likely to envision themselves in a meaningful job.
According to Holland, social types of personality dislike
expressing their emotions.
being in the company of other people when they have problems.
working with machines or data and at highly organized, routine, and repetitive tasks.
being the center of attention
working with machines or data and at highly organized, routine, and repetitive tasks.
Which of the following statements is false?
Choosing an occupation is a relatively simple process.
Externally, the working world is constantly changing.
Internally, a person’s needs, motivations, values, and interests may change.
Deciding on a career involves integrating the realities of internal and external worlds.
Choosing an occupation is a relatively simple process.
Deciding on a career involves
making a commitment to a life-time occupation.
all of these
surrendering some of your autonomy in order to fit into the work world.
integrating the constantly changing work world with internal changes, such as expectations, needs, motivation, values, and interests.
integrating the constantly changing work world with internal changes, such as expectations, needs, motivation, values, and interests.
Your vocation, profession, business, or trade is your
life’s work
job
career
occupation
occupation
Motivation is an important factor in career decision making because
if you have career goals but do not have the persistence to pursue them, then your goals will not materialize.
your need to achieve is related to your self-concept.
your abilities are related to your aptitude.
realistic career choice depends on your interest in earning money.
if you have career goals but do not have the persistence to pursue them, then your goals will not materialize.
Due to the great emphasis that is placed on career in this society, the transition to retirement
can be a positive experience with many benefits
is almost always devastating for the retiree’s holistic wellness
can be a positve AND a negative experience simultaneously
can be a period of upheaval
can be a positve AND a negative experience simultaneously
A person’s aptitude refers to his or her
motivation to achieve goals
occupational choice
interest in work-related activities
ability to learn
ability to learn
Self-esteem can be eroded when a person
does not feel valued at work.
has been laid off or has difficulty finding employment
is prevented from working to her full potential
all of these
all of these
Bob made a decision that he must remain in a job that allows little scope for personal effort and satisfaction. It would be best if he
knows that job dissatisfaction always leads to physical or psychological illness.
recognizes the fact that if he only had a job that he liked, then he would be fulfilled.
acknowledges that he feels trapped in an unfulfilling job.
finds something outside the job that fulfills his need for recognition, significance, productivity, and excitement.
finds something outside the job that fulfills his need for recognition, significance, productivity, and excitement.
