physical science final Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Which of the following statements best describes an element?
a material consisting of only one type of atom
a material that is pure
a material with more than one type of atom

a material consisting of only one type of atom

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Which of the following elements is in the fourth period? (Look at the periodic table is section 4)
beryllium(Be)
zirconium (Zr)
carbon (C)
hydrogen (H)
chromium (Cr)

chromium (Cr)

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Which of the following elements is an alkali metal? (Look at the period table in section 12.4)
indium (In)
cerium (Cr)
argon (Ar)
lithium (Li)

lithium (Li)

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The mass number of an element is ________.
the sum of the protons and the neutrons
the number of protons
the sum of the electrons and the protons
the sum of the electrons and the neutrons
the sum of the isotopes

the sum of the protons and the neutrons

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Using the following generic atom description, choose the correct method for determining the number of neutrons.

X
look it up on the periodic table
subtract F from G
add F and G
subtract G from F
divide F by G

subtract G from F

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What is the valence shell?
It is the shell of electrons in an atom that is the least reactive.
It is the outermost shell of electrons in an atom.
It is the shell of electrons in element V (atomic no. = 23)

It is the outermost shell of electrons in an atom.

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You could swallow a capsule of germanium, Ge (atomic number 32), without significant ill effects. If a proton were added to each germanium nucleus, however, you would not want to swallow the capsule because the germanium would
have a change in flavor.
expand and likely lodge in your throat.
become radioactive.
become arsenic.

become arsenic.

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If you remove two protons and two neutrons from a gold atom (Au), what new element is formed (if any)?
Au-2
Au
Re
Tl
Ir

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Why are the atomic masses listed in the periodic table not whole numbers?
Scientists have yet to make the precise measurements.
That would be too much of a coincidence.
Today’s instruments are able to measure the atomic masses to many decimal places.
The atomic masses are average atomic masses.

The atomic masses are average atomic masses.

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The shell model presented in this course is not very accurate. Why then is it presented?
It reminds us that the study of matter relates to the solar system.
The shell model is derived from classical physics, which is still the most widely accepted approach to understanding atomic theory.
The shell model is simpler and easy to understand.
Most instructors are not good enough artists to duplicate the complicated artwork of true model on the chalk board for explanation purposes.

The shell model is simpler and easy to understand.

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Which contributes more to an atom’s mass: electrons or protons? Which contributes more to an atom’s size?
Electrons contribute more to both the mass and size of an atom.
Electrons contribute more to an atom’s mass while protons contribute more to its size.
Protons contribute more to both the mass and size of an atom.
Protons contribute more to an atom’s mass while electrons contribute more to its size.

Protons contribute more to an atom’s mass while electrons contribute more to its size.

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What is the main tenet of Plank’s quantum hypothesis?
Energy is composed of subatomic particles called quanta.
Energy can be converted into matter through nuclear quanta.
Light is composed of waves that exist only at certain quantum fundamental frequencies.
Energy is a continuum, but light is quantized.
Energy comes in discrete packets of a certain minimum size.

Energy comes in discrete packets of a certain minimum size.

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What was Niels Bohr’s explanation for the observation of atomic spectra?
Any photon could excite an electron.
Nucleons could be excited by different electron energies.
Electrons could only move in discrete energy steps within an atom.
Electrons could not move in an atom.
Only certain photons with the correct energy could excite the quanta in the nucleus.

Electrons could only move in discrete energy steps within an atom.

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If an element has 10 protons and 11 neutrons and 10 electrons, which expression correctly identifies the element? (Look at the periodic table and find the element that has 10 protons).
neon-11
sodium-20
sodium-11
neon-31
neon-21

neon-21

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Which atom is largest? (Look at the period table in section 12.4)
K
H
Rb
Li
Na

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When we breathe we inhale oxygen, O2, and exhale carbon dioxide, CO2, plus water vapor, H2O. Which likely has more mass, the air that we inhale or the same volume of air we exhale? Does breathing cause you to lose or gain weight?
The air we exhale has more mass; Breathing causes you to lose weight.
The air we inhale has more mass; Breathing causes you to lose weight.
The air we inhale has more mass; Breathing causes you to gain weight.
The air we exhale has more mass; Breathing causes you to gain weight.

The air we exhale has more mass; Breathing causes you to lose weight.

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Which element would have chemical properties the most similar to chlorine (Cl)?
Br
S
O
Ar
Na

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If an atom has 43 electrons, 56 neutrons, and 43 protons, what is its approximate atomic mass? What is the name of this element?
atomic mass, 137 amu; Barium
atomic mass, 99 amu; Technetium
atomic mass, 99 amu; Radon

atomic mass, 99 amu; Technetium

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Which color of light comes from the higher energy transition, red or blue?
Red is a higher frequency and therefore corresponds to a higher energy level transition.
Blue is a higher frequency and therefore corresponds to a lower energy level transition.
Blue is a higher frequency and therefore corresponds to a higher energy level transition.

Blue is a higher frequency and therefore corresponds to a higher energy level transition.

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What is the approximate mass of a carbon atom in atomic mass units (amu)? How about a carbon dioxide molecule?
A carbon atom has a mass of about 12 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 44 amu.
A carbon atom has a mass of about 6 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 32 amu.
A carbon atom has a mass of about 12 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 28 amu.
A carbon atom has a mass of about 6 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 22 amu.

A carbon atom has a mass of about 12 amu. Carbon dioxide would then have a mass of 44 amu.

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A cat strolls across your backyard. An hour later, a dog with its nose to the ground follows the trail of the cat. Explain what is going on from a molecular point of view.
The cat is leading the dog into a trap.
The dog is following the areas of increased density of the Earth.
The dog is smelling atoms from the cat
The dog is smelling molecules from the cat.

The dog is smelling molecules from the cat.

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Does it make sense to say that a textbook is about 99.9 percent empty space?
No. A textbook could only be considered to be 99.9 percent empty space if it were combusted.
No. A textbook is a solid and thus is quite dense. Therefore it is not 99.9 percent empty space.
Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.

Yes. A textbook like all material things is made up of atoms, which are considered to be 99.9 percent empty space.

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Where on the periodic table are METALS generally located? LEFT SIDE

Where on the periodic table are NONMETALS generally located? RIGHT SIDE

Answer 1:
LEFT SIDE
Answer 2:
RIGHT SIDE

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What is the charge of a neutron?

+1
2
-1
0

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What is an element? Choose the best answer. A MATERIAL MADE UP OF NO ATOMS A MATERIAL MADE UP OF ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM A SUBSTANCE IN THE EARTH A MATERIAL MADE UP OF 2 OR MORE TYPES OF ATOMS

A MATERIAL MADE UP OF ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM

The size of atoms tends to be larger on the right side of the periodic table and smaller to the left. True or false? True False

False

If an atom has 43 electrons, 56 neutrons, and 43 protons, what is its approximate atomic mass [ Select ] ? What is the name of this element [ Select ] ? Hint: Atomic mass is discussed in section 12.3.

Answer 1: 99 Answer 2: Technetium (Tc)

A region of space around the atomic nucleus within which electrons may reside is called? SHELL Atomic Nucleus Atomic Core

SHELL

What instrument is used to observe the color components of any light source? MICROSCOPE SPECTROMETER MASS SPECTROMETER LASER

SPECTROMETER

What is the charge of a proton? -2 +1 0 -1

What is atomic number? THE NUMBER OF PROTONS EACH ATOM OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IS GIVEN THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS EACH ATOM OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IS GIVEN THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS EACH ATOM OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IS GIVEN No answer text provided.

THE NUMBER OF PROTONS EACH ATOM OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IS GIVEN

Which determines the element (proton, neutron, electron) [ Select ] Which determines the isotope (proton, neutron, electron) [ Select ]

Answer 1: PROTON Answer 2: NEUTRON

Water is an element? True/False. True False

False

Iron is an element. True False

True

What is an isotope? ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF PROTONS ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS. ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS. ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF ELECTRONS

ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS.

What is the charge of an electron? 2 -1 +1 0

-1

A sample of radioactive material is usually a little warmer than its surroundings because It is radioactive It efficiently absorbs and releases energy from sunlight It emits alpha and beta particles Its atoms are continually being struck by alpha and beta particles

Its atoms are continually being struck by alpha and beta particles

A certain radioactive element has a half-life of 1 hour. If you start with a 1-gram sample of the element at noon, how much of this same elements will be left at 3 p.m.? (Review the definition of half-life). 0.0625 gram or 1/16 gram 1 gram 0.125 gram or 1/8 gram 0.5 gram or 1/2 gram

0.125 gram or 1/8 gram

A certain radioactive element has a half-life of 20 minutes. If you start with a 16-gram sample of the element, how much of this same elements will be left after 60 minutes? (Review the definition of half) 12 grams 1 gram 8 grams 2 grams

2 grams

Radioactivity has been around since earth's __________________. The last 3000 years Ozone was formed Beginning Reshaping

Beginning

Which of the following statements best describes the role of neutrons in the nucleus? The neutrons stabilize the nucleus by forming bonds with other neutrons. The neutrons stabilize the nucleus by balancing charge. The neutrons stabilize the nucleus by attracting other nucleons. The neutrons stabilize the nucleus by adding mass.

The neutrons stabilize the nucleus by attracting other nucleons.

If a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1 day, how much of an original sample is left at the end of the second day? Section 13:3 1/2 of the original sample 1/8 of the original sample none of the above 4,5800 years 1/4 of the original sample

1/4 of the original sample

What is the charge of beta particles? +2 +1 0 -1

-1

Alpha particles are relatively easy to shied because of their relatively ______________ ___________. Section 3:1. slow, speed large, charge large, size dense, structure

large, size

A certain radioactive element has a half-life of one hour. If you start with a 1-g sample of the element at noon, how much of this same element will be left at 3:00 PM? 0.125 gram 0.25 gram 0.5 gram 0.0625 gram

0.125 gram

Which of the following professions would likely have the highest occupational exposure to radiation per year? airline pilot deep sea diver quarterback for the Denver Broncos lifeguard center for the L.A. Lakers

airline pilot

Which of the following statements best describes why a large nucleus is more likely to undergo radioactive decay? All nuclei are equally likely to undergo radioactive decay. The nuclear force between the nucleons are very strong and squeeze out other nucleons. The proton-proton repulsion cannot overcome the nucleon attraction. The nuclear forces are not as strong as the repulsive electrical forces between nucleons.

The nuclear forces are not as strong as the repulsive electrical forces between nucleons.

What is transmutation? changing one element into another by adding or removing electrons from the nucleus a process that emits radiation alteration in DNA due to radioactivity changing one element into another by adding or removing protons from the nucleus

changing one element into another by adding or removing protons from the nucleus

How was the the awesome energy of nuclear fission introduced to the world? Section 13:5 In the form of laboratory experiments In the form of lunar space crafts to the moon In the form of fusion In the form of nuclear bombs

In the form of nuclear bombs

What the four components of a fission reactor? Section 13:5 all of the above fossil fuel, moderator, control rods, and liquid Oil, gas, nuclear fuel, and liquid nuclear fuel, control rods, moderator, and liquid

nuclear fuel, control rods, moderator, and liquid

Radioactivity is a tendency for an element or a material to ________. emit electrons glow in the dark emit light emit radiation radiate heat

emit radiation

Why will nuclear fission probably not be used directly for powering automobiles? Section 13:5 Radioactive wastes could not be adequately controlled. Massive shielding would be required to protect against radioactivity exposure. All of the above are true. It's more practical for cars to use the electricity generated by nuclear fission power plants.

All of the above are true

A beta particle is an ___________________. Section 13:1 electron injected into a nucleus. electric field produced radiation. electron ejected from a nucleus. None of the above. Radiation can make you glow in the dark.

electron ejected from a nucleus.

You and your friend journey to the mountain foothills to get closer to nature and escape such things as radioactivity. While bathing in the warmth of a natural hot spring she wonders aloud how the spring gets its heat. What do you tell her? You tell her that the hot water is the result of (Section 13.1) chemical reactions involving the atomic nucleus. nuclear fission. radioactivity. industrial thermal pollution.

radioactivity.

Which of the following provides the minimum amount of protection you need to block the following form of radiation? beta thick leather suntan lotion T-shirt lead suit none of the above

thick leather

A friend produces a Geiger counter to check the local background radiation. It ticks. Another friend, who normally fears most that which is understood least, makes an effort to keep away from the region of the Geiger counter and looks to you for advice. What do you say? Wear heavy clothes. The Geiger counter is emitting radiation. The Geiger counter is detecting naturally occurring radiation from your body. Run away as fast as you can!

The Geiger counter is detecting naturally occurring radiation from your body.

What is the charge of gamma rays? -1 +2 0 +1

The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years. This means that half of the Carbon-14 atoms that are now present in a plant ro animal that dies today will decay in the next 5730 years. True or false? (Section 13.4). True False

True

When food is irradiated with gamma rays from a cobalt-60 source, does the food become radioactive? Why? No. The gamma rays do not have sufficient energy to initiate the nuclear reaction in the atoms of the food. Yes. However, the radioactivity resulting is well below the danger level established by the FDA. Yes and No. Although the gamma rays initiate the nuclear reaction the radioactivity does not show up until the food is ingested.

No. The gamma rays do not have sufficient energy to initiate the nuclear reaction in the atoms of the food.

Which of the following sources of radiation provides most of our yearly exposure? smoke detectors televisions (cathode ray tubes) dental and medical X-rays living near nuclear power plants background radiation

background radiation

What is the charge of an Alpha particle? +2 +4 -1 -2

What is a significant disadvantage of fission power? Section 13:5 none of the above Smoke from the burning of fuel Damage to the ozone layer Radioactive waste The energy is proportional to the mass of the atom undergoing fission.

Radioactive waste

Which of the following provides the minimum amount of protection you need to block the following form of radiation? gamma T-shirt suntan lotion lead suit thick leather

lead suit

Fusion brought about by high temperatures is called __________________ _______________. sun, fusion thermonuclear, fusion hot, pockets sun, spots

thermonuclear, fusion

Name two scientists associated with the initial discovery of nuclear fission. Mertzbaucher and deBroglie Hahn and Strassmann Newton and Aristole Einstein and Oppenheimer It is not possible to stop or control a chain reaction once it has been started.

Hahn and Strassmann

This element is touted as the fuel of the future. It burns clean, produces only energy and water vapor. Hydrogen Helium Barium Chlorine

Hydrogen

Many scientists focus on which kind of research to achieve a greater understanding of how the natural world operates? Applied Research Engineering Research Basic Research Space Research

Basic Research

Is aging primarily an example of a physical or chemical change? (Section 14.4) Chemical Physical

Chemical

Which of the following would be considered applied research? testing the strength of a piece of metal determining how readily a metal corrodes in a wet environment determining the lightest and strongest metal to be used for an airplane wing determining the melting temperature of a metal

determining the lightest and strongest metal to be used for an airplane wing

What is the name of the following compound? CaCl2 dicalcium chloride calc two calcium chloride dichlorocalcium carbon chloride

calcium chloride

Which of the following is not a chemical change? a rock being crushed to powder a loaf of bread growing mold wood burning to ash grass growing

a rock being crushed to powder

Which of the following can be classified as matter? water ice cream sand perfume all of the above

all of the above

What is the name of the following compound? NaF natrium fluoride sodium fluoride nitrogen afleck natural fosfate

sodium fluoride

Which of the following would be considered basic research? studying ways of catching mice safely examining how quickly a trapdoor closes testing a safe, nontoxic mouse glue examining why a mouse likes cheddar cheese more than swiss cheese testing the strength of a mouse cage

examining why a mouse likes cheddar cheese more than swiss cheese

Oxygen, O2, is certainly good for you. Does it follow that if small amounts of oxygen are good for you then large amounts of oxygen would be especially good for you? Yes. Increased oxygenation of the bloodstream is good for you and can increase your life span. No. Large amounts of oxygen will absorb hydrogen from the body and increase the amount of water in the body causing an imbalance in electrolytes. Yes. This is the reason patients are given pure (100%) oxygen during medical procedures. No. Breathing 100% oxygen for extended periods of time can be damaging to the body.

No. Breathing 100% oxygen for extended periods of time can be damaging to the body.

Oxygen atoms are used to make water molecules. Does this mean that oxygen, O2, and water, H2O, have similar properties? No, but their similar properties are only a coincidence. No, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they're made. Yes, but that their properties are similar is only a coincidence. Yes, and this explains how fish are able to breathe water.

No, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they're made.

A TV screen looked at from a distance appears as a smooth continuous flow of images. Up close, however, we see this is an illusion. What really exists are a series of tiny dots (pixels). This is similar to a chemist's view of matter in that anything that a chemist can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste is an illusion. on the submicroscopic level, chemist's find that matter is made of extremely small particles, such as atoms and molecules. elements are made up of only three basic types of matter. the fundamental particles of matter can also be seen when looked at closely with a magnifying glass.

on the submicroscopic level, chemist's find that matter is made of extremely small particles, such as atoms and molecules.

How many atoms are in one molecule of Na2SO4? Count up all of the atoms; (For example: 3HC2 = 3 Hydrogen and 2 Carbon = 6 total atoms; 3(HC2) = 3 Hydrogens and 3 x 2 Carbons = 9 totals atoms. 2 4 3 7 24

What chemical change occurs when a wax candle burns? Yes, the wax melts but what else happens? The wax within the wick is heated to about 600°C. The heated wax molecules combine with oxygen molecules. The molten wax is pulled upwards through the wick.

The heated wax molecules combine with oxygen molecules.

Which of the following would not be considered a chemical property? whether a material will dissolve in acid or not the tendency of a material to explode light sensitivity whether a metal will rust or not the temperature at which a liquid will boil

the temperature at which a liquid will boil

Which of the following would be considered a physical property? corrosion resistance reactivity towards acid density

density

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change? breaking a glass window gasoline being used in the engine of a car producing exhaust a piece of metal expanding when heated, but returning to original size when cooled aftershave or perfume on your skin generating a smell water freezing into ice crystals

gasoline being used in the engine of a car producing exhaust

Classify the following changes as physical or chemical. Wood burns to ashes; water begins to boil; grass grows; a rock is crushed to powder. chemical; physical; chemical; physical physical; physical; chemical; physical chemical; physical; physical; physical chemical; physical; chemical; chemical

chemical; physical; chemical; physical

Which of the following would not be considered a physical property? color conductivity temperature at which a material catches on fire hardness temperature at which a material melts

temperature at which a material catches on fire

Which of the following is an example of a physical change? iron metal reacting with oxygen to form rust water boiling and being converted into steam a candy bar being digested by a student charcoal being converted into ash

water boiling and being converted into steam

What is the name of the following compound? CO2 dicobalt calcium dioxide carbon dioxide calcium oxide dioxocarbon

carbon dioxide

A TV screen looked at from a distance appears as a smooth continuous flow of images. Up close, however, we see this is an illusion. What really exists are a series of tiny dots (pixels). This is similar to a chemist's view of matter in that elements are made up of only three basic types of matter. anything that a chemist can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste is an illusion. on the submicroscopic level, chemist's find that matter is made of extremely small particles, such as atoms and molecules. the fundamental particles of matter can also be seen when looked at closely with a magnifying glass.

on the submicroscopic level, chemist's find that matter is made of extremely small particles, such as atoms and molecules.

Is chemistry the study of the submicroscopic, the microscopic, or the macroscopic, or all three? Microscopic because it pertains to the formation of crystals. Submicroscopic because it deals with atoms and molecules, which can't be seen with a microscope. All of the above because most everything is made of atoms and molecules. Macroscopic because it deals with powders, liquids, and gases that fill beakers and flasks.

All of the above because most everything is made of atoms and molecules.

How many atoms of Oxygen (O) are in H3OClO4. (For example C has 1 atom; C4 has 4 carbon atoms; 3H2 has 3 x 2 = 6 Hydrogen atoms; 2H has 2 x1 = 2 Hydrogen atoms). 1 3 2 5 7

What type of ion does the magnesium atom, Mg, tend to form? 2+ 3+ 2- 1=

A temporary uneven distribution of electrons is called a ___________________________. Dipole No answer text provided. Induced dipole Unpaired dipole

Induced dipole

Choose the best answer. Where are valence electrons located, and why are they important? (Review this section of chapter 15). Innermost shell of an atom, and important because of the chemical symbol Outermost occupied shell of an atom, key role in determining the chemical properties Outermost occupied shell of an atom, determines the number of electrons Innermost shell of an atom, and contributes to the electron dot structure.

Outermost occupied shell of an atom, key role in determining the chemical properties

How many electrons has the following ion lost or gained? Ag+ Gained 2 electrons Lost 1 electron Lost 2 electrons Gained 1 electron

Lost 1 electron

ections 15.2 The formation of Ions (Hint: look up the element on the periodic table) Name the following ion. Ag+

silver ion

Sections 1.3 through 1.6. What kind of bond does Sodium and Chlorine form? Image result for picture of sodium and chlorine bond Covalent Bond Ionic Bond Metallic Bond

Ionic Bond

Iodine, I2, has a higher melting point than fluorine, F2, because its Molecules are heavier Atoms are larger Atoms have greater electronegativity Non-polarity is greater

Atoms are larger

Section 15.6 What is the electronnegativity of Phosphorus? (Look at the chart in your e-book).

2.19

When nitrogen and fluorine combine to form a molecule, the most likely chemical formula is NF NF3 NF4 N2F

NF3

Section 15.1 How many valence electrons are in Nitrogen? Image result 5 3 1 2

Section 15:1 in the textbook What do the single dots represent in the figure below? Image result Protons Unpaired electrons shells Paired electrons

Unpaired electrons

Section 1.5 in the textbook Astronomers have recently discovered an expired star that has a solid core made of diamond. True or False. True False

True

Section 15.1 in the textbook Which element has 7 valence electrons? (Hint: look at the periodic table) Br Ba Be He

Sections 15.2 The formation of Ions How many electrons has the following ion lost or gained? Ca2+ Lost 1 electron Lost 2 electrons Gained 1 electron Gained 2 electrons

Lost 2 electrons

Section 15.2 The formation of ions When the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom equals the number of electrons in the atom, the charges balance and the atom is electrically ____________________.

neutral

Section 15.6 What is the electronegativity of Chlorine (Cl)? (Look at the chart in your e-book).

3.16

Sections 15.2 The formation of Ions Has the following ion lost or gained an electron(s)? Ag+ Lost Gained

Lost

Section 15.5 in the textbook What kind of bond is diamond? Ionic bond Metallic bond Polar Covalent Covalent bond

Covalent bond

Which of the following elements will most likely form an ion with a -2 charge? Cl Na Ne S Mg

Many of the macroscopic properties of a compound depend on ________. the size of the sample how the atoms absorb light and the shape of the orbitals the mass of the constituent atoms how the atoms of the molecules are held together the number of nucleons present in the sample

how the atoms of the molecules are held together

Which of the following has the greatest number of nonbonding pairs of electrons ? (Use the Periodic Table) He F H

The following is an example of an ionic bond Carbon dioxide Co2 Methane CH4 Lithium Fluoride LiF Water H2O

Lithium Fluoride LiF

Which of the following elements will most likely form an ion with a -1 charge? Mg Na Cl Ne S

If carbonic acid (H2CO3) were to undergo ionization, what would one of the products be? H- CO3-2 CO3-1 CO2 H2O

CO3-2

Which of the following is NOT an ion? Mg+2 O2 H+1 Br-

Why are ores so valuable? (End of Chapter 15 Readiness questions) The are sources of naturally occurring gold They tend to be found in scenic places Metals can be efficiently extracted from them They hold clues to the earth's history

Metals can be efficiently extracted from them

Which of the following is the strongest? A chemical bond A dipole-dipole attraction A dipole-induced dipole attraction

A chemical bond

What it the main difference between an ionic and a covalent bond? One is the sharing of a pair of electrons, the other is the transfer of at least one electron. Both bonds are the same, but named different to describe different atoms involved. The electrons are traded between the two atoms and this keeps the atoms close. One involves electrons, the other does not involve any electrons. The electrons in both types of bonding undergo an exchange.

One is the sharing of a pair of electrons, the other is the transfer of at least one electron.

If a neutral atom loses one electron, what is the electrical charge of the atom? +1 -2 +2 neutral -1

What is the valence shell? (Use the Periodic Table) It is the outermost shell of electrons in an atom. It is the same as the orbital configuration. It is the shell of electrons in an atom that is the least reactive. It is the last partially filled orbital in an atom.

It is the outermost shell of electrons in an atom.

Classify the following bonds as ionic, covalent, or neither (O, atomic number 8; F, atomic number 9; Na, atomic number 11; Cl, atomic number 17; U, atomic number 92). O with F Ca with Cl Na with Na neither, ionic, covalent ionic, covalent, neither covalent, ionic, covalent covalent, ionic, neither

covalent, ionic, neither

Which of the following compounds has polar covalent bonds? S8 CsF2 Ne CH4 H2O

H2O

The separation of charges within a polar molecule is called a(n) ________. strong attraction polar bond dipole-dipole ionic bond dipole

dipole

Why is it so easy for a magnesium atom to lose two electrons? These two electrons are found relatively far from the nucleus. There are lots of electron-electron repulsions that go on within the valence shell. These two electrons are well shielded from the nuclear charge. The nuclear charge of the magnesium atoms is relatively weak.

These two electrons are well shielded from the nuclear charge.

An atom loses an electron to another atom. Is this an example of a physical or chemical change? chemical change involving the formation of neutral atoms physical change involving the formation of positive ions physical change involving the formation of negative ions chemical change involving the formation of ions

chemical change involving the formation of ions

Which of the following elements has two valence electrons? (Use the Periodic Table) Li Na H Mg Ne

How many valence electrons does gallium (Ga, atomic no. = 31) have? (Use the Periodic Table) 1 6 31 3 70

Which of the following statements describes a polar molecule? The molecules have a high degree of symmetry. None of these statements describe polar molecules. The molecules are usually not attracted to one another very strongly. Polar molecules have the weakest intermolecular interactions with ionic compounds. The electrons in the molecule are distributed evenly throughout the molecule.

None of these statements describe polar molecules.

What is the compound that forms if you react potassium and sulfur? SP SkP K2S

K2S

How many valence electrons does bromine (Br, atomic no. = 35) have? 7 1 21 35

Which of the following elements has six valence electrons? C B O N Be

How many oxide ions (O-2) are needed to balance the positive charge of a titanium ion (Ti+4)? 3 2 4 1

Distinguish between a metal and a metal-containing compound. Only one of these contains ionic bonds. Only one of these contains covalent bonds. There is no distinction between the two. Only one of these occurs naturally.

Only one of these contains ionic bonds.

A mole of atoms is equal to ___________________________________ of atoms. a billion a variable number Avogadro's number a dozen

Avogadro's number

___________ is a common concentration unit used by chemists and is calculated by the following: (number of moles of solute) / (liters of solution). molarity mole fraction particles percent by mass

molarity

Avogadro was an ________________________chemist. Italian French British American

Italian

What is the atomic mass of CO2? 32.00 38.00 40.02 44.01

44.01

What is the atomic mass of NO? 30.01 14.01 16.00 None of the above

30.01

What is the atomic mass of H2O? 18.0 16.0 34.0 all of the above

18.0

The solubility of a gas solute in a liquid solvent _________ with increasing temperature. increases decreases stays the same

decreases

A material that does not dissolve in a solvent to any appreciable extent is said to be _____. soluble insoluble dense

insoluble

In general, the solubility of solids ___________ with increasing temperature. increases decreases stays the same

increases

A saturated solution will allow more solute to dissolve at the given temperature. True False

False

How many moles of sucrose are are 0.5L of a 2M solution? .25 moles 1 mole 2 moles 4 moles

1 mole

Which solution contains the greatest number of moles of NaOH? 200 mL of a 8M NaOH solution 600 mL of a 4M NaOH solution

600 mL of a 4M NaOH solution

Which solution is most concentrated? 200 mL of a 8M NaOH solution 600 mL of a 4M NaOH solution

200 mL of a 8M NaOH solution

How many molecules of sucrose are in a 0.5 moles of sucrose? Hint: See this section in chapter 17. 12.04 × 1023 molecules of sucrose 3.01 × 1023 molecules of sucrose 1 gram 0.5 6.02 × 1023 molecules of sucrose

3.01 × 1023 molecules of sucrose

What is the main difference between a soap and a detergent? Soaps and detergents are exactly the same. Soaps are all natural. Detergents are better than soaps. Soaps are biodegradable, detergents are not. Soaps are made from fatty acids, detergents are synthetic.

Soaps are made from fatty acids, detergents are synthetic

Why do hot water heaters lose their efficiency quicker in households with hard water? The hard water calcium and magnesium ions corrode the heating element. The calcium carbonate on the inner surface of the hot water tank builds up to the point that it insulates the water from the heating element. The hard water calcium ions exchange with iron ions from the inner metal wall which react with the water heater base to form rust and deteriorate the bottom of the tank. The hard water calcium carbonate deposits oxidize the inner tank wall.

The calcium carbonate on the inner surface of the hot water tank builds up to the point that it insulates the water from the heating element

Which of the following is not a typical use for potable water? drinking boiling cooking in a pot irrigation flushing a toilet

irrigation

What is the first step in treating raw sewage? filtration of solids disinfection removal of grit by settling removal of sludge

filtration of solids

Which of the following describes the term concentration? It is the given amount of solvent per amount of solute. It is the amount of solvent in a given amount of solution. It is the given amount of solution in a given container. It is the amount of solute in a given amount of solution.

It is the amount of solute in a given amount of solution.

How would you classify the following material? a cappuccino (with foam) a solution a compound an element a suspension a heterogeneous mixture

a heterogeneous mixture

Why are there few odors emanating from a properly managed composting toilet? The ventilation system steers odors through a carbon filter. Decomposition is aerobic. Tight seals prevent the escape of odors. Odors are absorbed by a layer of water.

Decomposition is aerobic.

What is the purpose of adding aluminum salts and a base to water during water treatment? The two together gel and trap dirt and bacteria. The base dissolves the dirt. The aluminum removes the rust taste from the water The higher pH kills bacteria. It improves the taste.

The two together gel and trap dirt and bacteria.

Why might softened water not be good for some one who is trying to reduce their dietary sodium ion intake? A person needs a certain level of calcium and magnesium in the water to help excrete the sodium from their body. The softened water leaches sodium from the body, so a person might not be getting the dietary recommended levels of sodium. Water softeners work by replacing the calcium and magnesium ions of the water with sodium ions; softened water contains increased levels of sodium ions. The potassium used in the softener to replace the calcium and magnesium ions increases the sodium retention in the body.

Water softeners work by replacing the calcium and magnesium ions of the water with sodium ions; softened water contains increased levels of sodium ions.

A solid has a solubility at room temperature of 78 grams per liter. If 1.0 L of a hot solution containing 100. g of solute is cooled to room temperature, how much solid is formed? 78 g 78g/L 22 g 100 g 1 L

22 g

How would you classify the following material? coffee (black) a compound a heterogeneous mixture an element a solution a suspension

a solution

What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together. The way in which their atoms are bonded together. One is a solid and the other is a liquid. They both consist of atoms from different elements.

The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together.

What is an advantage of using chlorine gas to disinfect drinking water supplies? It gives the water a fresh taste. Residual chlorine in water helps to whiten teeth. It provides residual protection against pathogens.

It provides residual protection against pathogens.

What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? The components of a compound have the same properties individually as they do when mixed. A mixture can be physically separated into its components; a compound cannot be physically separated into its components. A compound can be physically separated into its components; a mixture cannot be physically separated into its components. A compound is just a mixture of elements.

A mixture can be physically separated into its components; a compound cannot be physically separated into its components.

Which of the following statements does not describes the similarity between soaps and detergents? Both dissolve oils. They have a polar ionic end and a long nonpolar tail. Both are made from fatty acids. Both are biodegradable.

Both are made from fatty acids.

Many dry cereals are fortified with iron, which is added to the cereal in the form of small iron particles. How might these particles be separated from the cereal? add water and the iron particles will float to the top blend the cereal to a fine consistency and pass through a filter collect the iron filings with a magnet heat the cereal so that the iron particles melt and thereby coalesce

collect the iron filings with a magnet

Which of the following would be considered a homogeneous mixture? wine rusty iron sugar pretzel hydrogen cyanide

wine

Classify the following as element, compound, or mixture, and justify your classifications: table salt, stainless steel, table sugar, aluminum, ice. compound; element; compound; element; compound mixture; compound; mixture; element; compound mixture; element; compound; element; element compound; mixture; compound element; compound

compound; mixture; compound element; compound

Which of the following is a pure substance? duct tape cooking oil orange juice baking soda salt water

baking soda

Which of the following would be considered a heterogeneous mixture? water vegetable oil milk salad dressing vinegar

salad dressing

Which of the following is a mixture? salt iron air helium gold

air

How many oxygen atoms are indicated by the following balanced equation? (See Section 17.1) 4Cr + 3O2 ----------> 2Cr2O3 2 1 3 6

Choose the set of coefficients that will balance the following equation? (See Section 17.1 and plug in the coefficients to see which set will balance the equation) ____NO ---------> ____N2O + ____NO2 6,1,1 5,3,1 6,2,2 4,2,2

6,2,2

Is the following chemical equation balanced? Yes is true and no is false. 2H2 + 1O2 ---------->2H2O True False

True

Balance the following chemical equation. (See Section 17.1) ____H2 + ____N2 -------------> ____NH3 3,1,2 3,2,1 6,2,2 6,2,6

3,1,2

Balance the following equation (See Section 17.1): ____P4 + ____H2 ---------->____PH3 1,4,4 2,10,8 4,2,3 1,6,4

1,6,4

How many oxygen atoms are indicated by the following balanced equation (See Section 17.1)? 3O2 ----------> 2O3 3 6 1 2

Match the following: /Catalyst /Products /Reactants /Chemical Equation -A representation of a chemical reaction in which reactants are sown to the left of an arrow that points to the products. -Any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction -The reacting substances in a chemical reaction -The new materials formed in a chemical reaction.

Catalyst Any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction Products The new materials formed in a chemical reaction. Reactants The reacting substances in a chemical reaction chemical Equation A representation of a chemical reaction in which reactants are sown to the left of an arrow that points to the products.

Is the following chemical equation balanced? True is "yes" and False is "no". (count the number of atoms on each side of the equation) 1 CH4 + 2 O2 2 H2O + 1 CO2 True False

True

A refrigerator delays the spoilage of food by diminishing the supply of oxygen to microorganisms. killing microorganisms. slowing down the rate of chemical reactions within microorganisms.

slowing down the rate of chemical reactions within microorganisms.

Which of the following is a correctly balanced equation? P4 + 3 H2 → PH3 2 P4 + 12 H2 → 8 PH3 0 P4 + 6 H2 → 4 PH3 P4 + 6 H2 → 4 PH3

P4 + 6 H2 → 4 PH3

What is a chemical reaction? when a new element is formed by rearranging nucleons when a liquid undergoes a phase change and produces a solid when one or more new compounds are formed by rearranging atoms when two liquids mix to form a homogeneous mixture

when one or more new compounds are formed by rearranging atoms

If it takes 200 golf balls to equal the mass of four bowling balls, what is the relative mass of bowling balls to golf balls? 20 times 1/20 100 times 1/50

1/50

For the following balanced reaction, which of the following is a solid? 2 Na(l) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s) Cl2 NaCl Na 2 Na Cl

NaCl

How many oxygen molecules are needed to make 10 carbon dioxide molecules according to the following balanced chemical equation? 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 10 4 1 2 5

Exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that results in the net production of energy. reactants products + energy True False

True

What is the activation energy? the amount of energy required to separate reactants from the products the amount of energy required to activate a phase change the minimum amount of energy to break the bonds in reactants

the minimum amount of energy to break the bonds in reactants

Balance the following equation. ____ NO → ____ N2O + _____ NO2 3, 1, 1 1, 2, 4 3, 0, 0 4, 4, 8 6, 2, 1

3, 1, 1

Which type of chemical reaction leads to a greater dispersal of energy? Endothermic Exothermic

Exothermic

A friend argues that if mass were really conserved he would never need to refill his gas tank. What explanation do you offer your friend? The atoms (mass) of gasoline are converted into energy by the engine according to E=mc2. The Law of Conservation of Mass does not apply to reactions involving combustion or explosion of matter. The oil companies make gasoline in a way that it gets used up so that we are always required to replenish it. The atoms (mass) of gasoline are converted into exhaust fumes.

The atoms (mass) of gasoline are converted into exhaust fumes.

Some reactions are more sluggish than others. To speed up these reactions and save energy a(n) ________ is sometimes added. heat source exotherm activator catalyst

catalyst

Avogadro’s number relates the mass to the number of molecules, true or false? True False

True

How does formula mass differ from atomic mass? The formula mass is the mass of the chemical formula and the atomic mass is the mass of the molecule. The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of the elements is its chemical formula. The atomic mass is the mass of a single atom. The atomic mass of a substance is the sum of the formula masses of the elements is its chemical formula. The atomic mass is the mass of a single atom. They represent the same thing.

The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of the elements is its chemical formula. The atomic mass is the mass of a single atom.

How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction? It lowers the activation energy. It raises the activation energy of the reactants, which makes the reaction proceed faster. It has nothing to do with the rate of reaction.

It lowers the activation energy.

What is a chemical equation? It is any type of reaction that takes place at the equator. It is a shorthand notation for illustrating a chemical reaction. It is the sum of the masses of the products and reactants.

It is a shorthand notation for illustrating a chemical reaction.

Steel wool wetted with vinegar is stuffed into a narrow mouth round glass bottle. A rubber balloon is then sealed over the mouth of the bottle. After several hours, the balloon inflates into the bottle in an inverted manner. What happened? The caustic vinegar fumes get past the steel wool and deteriorate the balloon, which begins to sag into the bottle and inflate it in an inverted manner. The vinegar reacts with the steel wool by absorbing oxygen within the bottle thus decreasing the pressure. The greater outside pressure causes the balloon to inflate in an inverted manner. Vinegar fumes are diamagnetic and as they accumulate above the liquid the steel wool is attracted thus inflating the balloon into the mouth of the bottle in an inverted manner. False! The balloon inflates above the mouth of the bottle because the reaction between the vinegar and steel wool produces a gas which is forced upward because of increased pressure inside the sealed bottle.

The vinegar reacts with the steel wool by absorbing oxygen within the bottle thus decreasing the pressure. The greater outside pressure causes the balloon to inflate in an inverted manner.

Sodium metal is oxidized in the production of aluminum. both oxidized and reduced in the production of aluminum. reduced in the production of aluminum. neither oxidized nor reduced in the production of aluminum.

oxidized in the production of aluminum.

What is a base? Anything that can be used to clean drains. Anything that accepts a hydrogen ion. Anything with a bitter taste.

Anything that accepts a hydrogen ion.

Why is the air over an open flame always moist? Warm air contains more humidity than cold air. One of the products of combustion is water vapor. The hot flame vaporizes the water in the air above the flame.

One of the products of combustion is water vapor.

What is the purpose of the salt bridge in a voltaic cell? to prevent any further migration of electrons through the wire to allow for the build up of positively charged ions in one container and negatively charged ions in the other container to allow for a balance of charge between the two chambers

to allow for a balance of charge between the two chambers

ow is electrolysis different from what is going on chemically inside a battery? Electrolysis only uses electrons from a cathode. You cannot make pure compounds with electrolysis. They are the same process, just reversed.

They are the same process, just reversed.

What is oxidation? the reduction of oxygen the addition of an electron to the valence shell the loss of electrons the reaction with oxygen

the loss of electrons

A weak acid is added to a concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid. Does the solution become more or less acidic? More acidic, since there are more hydronium ions being added to the solution. Less acidic, since the solution becomes more dilute with a less concentrated solution of hydronium ions being added to the solution. No change in acidity, since the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is too high to be changed by the weak solution.

Less acidic, since the solution becomes more dilute with a less concentrated solution of hydronium ions being added to the solution.

How do you make a proton out of a hydrogen atom? remove a proton from a helium nucleus let the hydrogen atoms undergo fusion let the hydrogen atoms combine to form a hydrogen molecule and eject an electron remove an electron from a hydrogen atom

remove an electron from a hydrogen atom

What is a reduction? the formation of red compounds in the presence of an oxidant the reduction of the number of electrons the gain of electrons the loss of an electron from the valence shell

the gain of electrons

What happens to the pH of soda water as it loses its carbonation? It decreases as the soda becomes more concentrated through the loss of the carbon dioxide gases. It does not change since the carbonation has nothing to do with pH. It increases as it loses the carbon dioxide molecules which form the carbonic acid in the soda.

It increases as it loses the carbon dioxide molecules which form the carbonic acid in the soda.

Suggest why people once washed their hands with ashes. The oils on the skin act as a base and reacts with the ashes to produce soap. The ashes act as a base and reacts with skin oils to produce solutions of soap. After being burnt in the fire, the acids and bases of the log are neutralized, making it a gentle material to use on the hands.

The ashes act as a base and reacts with skin oils to produce solutions of soap.

Which of the following statements about strong or weak acids is true? A weak acid readily forms ions when dissolved in water. A strong acid will never react with a strong base. A weak acid will react with a strong base. A weak acid and a strong acid at the same concentration are equally corrosive.

A weak acid will react with a strong base.

As the hydronium ion concentration increases, the pH ________. goes down gets larger stays constant starts to alter the chemical properties of the water molecules starts to affect the OH- concentration

goes down

What is the relationship between the hydroxide ion and a water molecule? A hydroxide ion is a water molecule minus a hydrogen nucleus. A hydroxide ion and a water molecule are the same things. A hydroxide ion is a water molecule plus a proton.

A hydroxide ion is a water molecule minus a hydrogen nucleus.

How many electrons are gained or lost in the following half-reaction? 2 Na → 2 Na+ 1/2 electron is gained 2 electrons are lost 1/2 electron is lost

2 electrons are lost

Why are combustion reactions generally exothermic? Hydrogen easily pulls electrons from the oxygen in water molecules and are reduced. Combustion involves the transfer of electrons to oxygen, which has an extremely high tendency for gaining electrons. It is highly exothermic because combustion involves an oxidation-reduction reaction between a metallic material and oxygen.

Combustion involves the transfer of electrons to oxygen, which has an extremely high tendency for gaining electrons.

Cutting back on the pollutants that cause acid rain is one solution to the problem of acidified lakes. Suggest another. add ammonium ions to the lakes stop using NaCl to salt the roads in the winter add a neutralizing substance such as limestone

add a neutralizing substance such as limestone

Which of the following statements is untrue about oxidation and reduction processes? An oxidation can happen without a reduction. Electrons are often involved in oxidation and reduction reactions. Often ions are generated or consumed.

An oxidation can happen without a reduction.

Which of the following statements about strong or weak bases is true? A weak base completely separates into ions in water. A weak base will not react with a strong acid. A strong base will readily accept protons from even weak acids.

A strong base will readily accept protons from even weak acids.

If you had a 1 M solution of battery acid what would be its pH? 0 1 7

What is an acid? Anything that donates oxygen atoms. Anything that donates hydrogen ions. Anything that accepts hydrogen atoms. Anything that dissolves metal.

Anything that donates hydrogen ions.

What is the primary difference between a fuel cell and a battery? Batteries can be recharged, fuel cells cannot. Batteries supply electricity; fuel cells supply heat. Fuel cells do not run down because they can be refueled; batteries run down and need to be recharged.

Fuel cells do not run down because they can be refueled; batteries run down and need to be recharged.

What happens to the corrosive properties of an acid and a base after they neutralize each other? Why? The corrosive properties remain the same when the salt is mixed into water. The corrosive properties are doubled because the acid and base are combined in the salt. The corrosive properties are neutralized because the acid and base no longer exist. The corrosive properties are unaffected because salt is a corrosive agent.

The corrosive properties are neutralized because the acid and base no longer exist.

Polymers are formed by chemical reactions in which a large number of molecules called _______________ are joined to form a chain. Proteins Monomers Polypons Atoms

Monomers

When small organic molecules are joined together, giant molecules are produced. Giant molecules are known as _____________________. Megatron Molecules Macromolecules Carbons Polyols

Macromolecules

There are four basic kinds of biological macromolecules. They are carbohydrates, lipids, ____________ and nucleic acids. Glucose Amino acids Vitamins Proteins

Proteins

Leo Baekeland invented ___________________ which was one of the earliest synthetic polymers. Bakelite Silly Putty Nylon Plastic

Bakelite

The super-absorbent polymer that can absorb over 200 times its weight in water and is used as a filler for disposable diapers is called _______________________. Sodium polyacrylate Calcium carbonate Potassium Iodide Sodium polypeebgone

Sodium polyacrylate

If champagne has a proof of 28, how many milliliters of alcohol are in 250 mL of champagne? 200 3.8 35 28 38

What is the percent volume of water in 80-proof vodka? 80 percent 20 percent 40 percent 60 percent

60 percent

What is an organic compound? compound grown with organic farming methods any molecule that is made mostly of carbon with no metals in it any compound where there are metals bound to other types of atoms anything that is a salt obtained from organic creatures

any molecule that is made mostly of carbon with no metals in it

What is the main difference between High Density PolyEtyhlene (HDPE) and Low Density PolyEthylene(LDPE)? HDPE is more useful than LDPE. HDPE has very long chains packed close together; LDPE has long chains that are branched and do not pack together well. LDPE is more useful than HDPE. HDPE has very long chains packed close together; LDPE has short chains that do not pack together well. One is made from high density ethylene, the other from low density ethylene.

HDPE has very long chains packed close together; LDPE has long chains that are branched and do not pack together well.

Which of the following commonly acts as a base in chemical reactions? hydrocarbon alcohol amine carboxylic acid ketone

amine

Saturated fats are typically gaseous at room temperature solid at room temperature liquid at room temperature

solid at room temperature

What is one thing that all monomers of addition polymers have in common? The monomer has to have at least two functional groups (though they must be the different). The monomer has to have a number of polymer components. The monomer has to have at least two functional groups (though they can be the same). The monomer has to be very small. The monomer has to have at least one double bond.

The monomer has to have at least one double bond.

What is a hydrocarbon? It is a molecule composed of carbon and hydrogen only. It is any organic molecule. It is a wet carbon atom none of the above It is a molecule derived from hydrogen synthesis.

It is a molecule composed of carbon and hydrogen only.

What property of carbon allows for the formation of so many different organic molecules? Carbon forms three different isotopes which allows for the formation of many more molecules than other elements. Carbon atoms uniquely contain exactly the same number (six) of protons, neutrons and electrons in their atomic structure. Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form strong chemical bonds repeatedly with other carbon atoms, which permits the formation of countless possible structures. Carbon resides in the exact middle of the periodic table, from left to right, with exactly the same number of reactive elements on either side of it. It can therefore react with the maximum number of elements.

Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form strong chemical bonds repeatedly with other carbon atoms, which permits the formation of countless possible structures.

Hydrocarbons release a lot of energy when ignited. Where does this energy ultimately come from? the formation of chemical bonds photosynthesis the sun the breaking of chemical bonds

the formation of chemical bonds

Which of the following ethers has the highest boiling point? CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 CH3OCH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3

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