Psychotherapy (7 & 8) Flashcards
What are the 6 theoretical orientations of psychotherapy?
1- Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic
2- Interpersonal
3- Family
4- Behavioral
5- Cognitive
6- Cognitive Behavioral
What is the basis of psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapy?
Unconscious conflicts are repressed and cause difficulty (insight oriented)
What is the aim of psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapy?
Making the unconscious, conscious
Understanding conflicts and behaviors
What techniques are used in psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapy? (4)
Free association
Analysis of trensference
Analysis of resistance
Dream interpretation
What is psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapy used to treat?
Depression, anxiety, some personality disorders
What is the basis of interpersonal therapy?
Problematic attachments early in life predispose one to develop disorders that are expressed through troubled interpersonal relationships are present
What is the aim of interpersonal therapy?
Correct interpersonal difficulties
Name 4 major interpersonal problems:
Loss and grief
Role disputes
Role transitions
Interpersonal difficulties
Period of time used for interpersonal therapy?
Short term–> 12-16 weeks
What is interpersonal therapy used to treat?
Depression, eating disorder
What is the basis of family therapy?
Identified patient reflects a dysfunction in the whole family system
What is the aim of family therapy?
Help improve family’s relational health
What is family therapy used to treat?
1- Children identified with behavioral problems
2- families dealing with contact
3- Teenagers with eating disorders or substance abuse
What is group therapy used to treat?
People with common experiences, a particular disorder, or interpersonal difficulties
What is behavioral therapy based on?
learning theory
What is the aim of behavioral therapy?
Relieve symptoms by unlearning maladaptive behaviors
What techniques are found used in behavioral therapy? (4)
Systematic desensitization
Aversive condition
Flooding/ implosion
Token economy
What are the three phases of classical conditioning?
Phase I: unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus are given separately
Phase II: Neutral stimulus followed by unconditioned stimulus
Phase III: Conditioned response
What is stimulus generalization?
Person has response to things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
What is stimulus discrimination?
Organism learns to differentiate among similar stimuli
What is the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?
They are complementary processes
What methods are used in operant conditioning?
Reinforders and punishment
What is a reinforcer?
Stimulus event that increases the probability that the operant behavior will occur again
What is a positive reinforcer?
Stimulus that strengthens the response if it follows that response
What is a negative reinforcer?
An unpleasant stimulus that, if removed, strengthens the response that removed the stimulus
What are the effects of delay of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Effect of a reinforcer is stronger when it comes soon after a response
Does a small or a large reinforcer have a more vigorous behavioral response?
Larger
What are the two major types of schedules of reinforcement?
1- continuous reinforcement schedule
2- partial/ intermittent reinforcement schedule
Describe a continuous reinforcement schedule:
Delivered every time a particular response occurs
What are the four types of partial reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio: fixed number of responses required for reinforcement
Variable ratio: number of responses required for reinforcement varies
Fixed Interval: fixed set of time must elapse before next opportunity for reinforcement
Variable interval: time interval that must elapse before next opportunity for reinforcement varies
Which type of partial reinforcement schedule is bet for long term behavioral modification?
Interval schedules (fixed and variable)
What is punishment?
Presentation of an adverse stimulus or removal of a pleasant one following some behavior
What does punishment result in?
Results in a decrease in the frequency of a response
What are the drawbacks of punishment? (4)
1- do not “erase” an undesirable habit, merely suppresses it
2- ineffective unless given immediately after the response and each time the response is made
3-can become aggressive if given in anger
4- signals what is inappropriate behavior but doe not specify correct alternate behavior
What is systematic desensitization?
Patient visualizes a series of anxiety provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed
What is flooding/ implosion?
Direct exposure without the possibility of avoidance/ escape
What is another name for positive reinforcement?
Token economy
What is aversive condition?
Classical conditioning principles are used to associate physical or psychological discomfort with undesired behaviors
What is stimulus control?
Modification of environmental cues that maintain or elicit behaviors
What is the aim of cognitive therapy?
Replace presumed distorted appraisals with more adaptive appraisals
Correct errors in logic
What do therapists help clients to do during cognitive therapy? (5)
1- monitor thoughts
2- Recognize the relations among cognition, behavior, and affect
3- test the validity of automatic thoughts
4- substitute more realistic cognitions
5- identify and later alter schemas that predispose people to think in negative ways
What techniques are used in cognitive therapy? (2)
Psychoeducation
cognitive restructuring
What is cognitive therapy used to treat?
Depression, anxiety disorders and eating disorders
What are the three major classes of cognitive behavioral therapy?
1- coping skills therapies
2- Cognitive reconstructing methods
4- Problem solving therapies
Explain coping skills therapies:
Focus on developing repertoire of skills to manage stressors
Explain cognitive reconstructing methods:
Assume emotional distress in the consequence of maladaptive thoughts
Explain problem solving therapies:
Combination of cognitive solving therapies and coping skills therapies
What is emphasized in CBT?
“Homework” and outside of session activity
What are the 4 elements to CBT case formulation?
Assessment, treatment planning, treatment, continuous monitoring and hypothesis testing
