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Psychology > Psychopathology L8 - 10 (Depression) > Flashcards

Psychopathology L8 - 10 (Depression) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the conditions that must be present for diagnosis of depression?

A
  • At least 5 symptoms present every day for 2 weeks
  • Sadness/ loss of interest and pleasure in normal activities
  • Impairment of general functioning not caused by other events
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2
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression:

A
  • Shift in energy levels –> low energy/psychomotor agitation
  • Social impairment
  • Weight changes –> increase/decrease
  • Poor personal hygiene
  • Sleep pattern disturbance –> insomnia/hypersomnia
  • Aggression and self-harm
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3
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression:

A
  • Loss of enthusiasm
  • Constant depressed mood
  • Worthlessness
  • Anger
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4
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression:

A
  • Delusions –> hallucinations concerning guilt, punishment, personal inadequacy
  • Reduced concentration
  • Thoughts of death
  • Poor memory
  • Negative schema –> leads to self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Absolutist thinking
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5
Q

What is depression?

A

Mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency and hopelessness

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6
Q

What are the two types of depression?

A
  • Unipolar depression –> persistent low mood
  • Bipolar depression –> erratic emotions
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7
Q

What is the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

Those who are suffering from depression often have a distorted or negative schema

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8
Q

Give 3 stages of cognitive triad and state who devised this and in what year.

A

Developed by Aaron Beck in 1960
1. Negative thinking about self eg. I am useless at Maths
2. Negative thoughts about the world eg. I am useless at everything
3. Negative thoughts about the future eg. I will always be useless at everything

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9
Q

What did Beck believe about depression?

A

It develops from a negative schema that may have developed from childhood due to overly critical parents/adults

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10
Q

Give examples of negative schema

A
  • Self blame –> they are responsible for all misfortune
  • Ineptness –> they will fail at everything
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11
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive triad?

A
  • Research support (very influential in past 30 years)
  • CB approach includes both cognitive and behavioural therapy
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of the cognitive triad?

A
  • Cause and effect is unclear
  • Cognitive approach criticises behavioural approach
  • Does not explain how some symptoms of depression develop
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13
Q

What is the research that supports the cognitive triad?

A
  • Terry (2000) assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability before and after birth
  • Found that women with high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer from postnatal depression
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14
Q

In what way is the cause and effect unclear in the cognitive triad?

A

Does depression develop first and cause negative schema or does negative schema cause depression?

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15
Q

How does the cognitive approach criticise the behavioural approach?

A

It is contradictory as behavioural approach states depression is caused by learning whereas cognitive approach states negative schema causes depression

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16
Q

Give an example of how the cognitive triad does not explain how some symptoms of depression develop

A

For example Cotard syndrome is where a patient believes they’re a zombie. Why does this happen?

17
Q

Give the three points of Ellis’ ABC model and explain each one

A
  • Activating event –> event triggers negative schema
  • Beliefs –> person records thought associated with event
  • Consequences –> person records emotional response to their beliefs
18
Q

What does Ellis also believe can cause negative scheme?

A

Mustabatory thinking eg. I must be loved by everyone

19
Q

What are the strengths of the ABC model?

A
  • Research support
  • Supporting evidence that insecure childhood attachments contribute to negative schema in adulthood
20
Q

What are the weaknesses of the ABC model?

A
  • Cause and effect is unclear
  • Blames client for causes of depression
  • Biological approach criticises cognitive approach
21
Q

What is the research support for the ABC model?

A

Bates (1999) found that negative thinking causes depression as when depressed patients were given negative thought statements they become more depressed

22
Q

What factors are ignored when the client is blamed as the cause for depression?

A

Situational factors like family problems

23
Q

Give one study that shows the biological approach criticises the cognitive approach

A

Zhang (2005) found that there is a gene related to depression that makes it ten times more likely for them to develop it

24
Q

What is the aim of Beck’s CBT?

A

Restructuring negative thinking to become more positive and rational , resulting in positive impact on behaviour

25
Q

Features of CBT:

A
  • ABC model used as basis
  • ‘Thought catching’ (identifying negative thoughts)
  • Encouraged to test out negative thoughts in vivo
  • Keep record of all events to prove existence of positive events
  • Focus on present experiences
  • Individual/group
  • Highly trained therapist
  • Weekly sessions
26
Q

List the strengths of CBT:

A
  • Very effective for mild depression
  • Widely respected and supported by vast amounts of research as a therapy for depression
  • Cost-effective (eg.compared to psychodynamic approach)
  • Tends to get to root cause of depression compared to other treatments like medication that mask the symptoms
  • Low relapse rates compared to other treatments
27
Q

List the weaknesses of CBT:

A
  • Cujipers (2013) found CBT can be very effective if combined w/drug therapy (not as much on its own)
  • Not very effective for severe depression
28
Q

Who developed REBT and what does it stand for?

A
  • Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)
  • Ellis (1975)
29
Q

How are negative thoughts challenged in REBT?

A

Using DEF model
- Disputing irrational thoughts –> logical disputing + empirical disputing (self-defeating inconsistent beliefs w/ reality)
- Effects of disputing and effective attitude to life –> effective disputing can change beliefs to become more rational
- Feelings –> More positive emotions

30
Q

List the strengths of REBT:

A
  • Flannaghan et al (1997) supports use of REBT as an effective treatment for depressive stroke victims
  • David (2008) compared depressive patients w/ 14 wks REBT to those treated w/ fluoxetine 6 months after treatment and found REBT was better long-term treatment compared to drug therapy
31
Q

List the weaknesses of REBT:

A
  • Cause and effect unclear –> REBT does not tackle root cause if negative thinking is an effect of depression
  • Those w/ severe depression will not be able to/willing to communicate w/ psychologist.
  • Dependent on skill of therapist –> more skilled, better the outcomes

Psychology (22 decks)

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