Psychopathology 3: Depression Flashcards
What type of disorder is depression described as?
A mood disorder
What does depression involve?
The disturbance of mood
What are two types of depression?
-MDD (unipolar)
-Bipolar
What percentage of population in Britain suffer depression?
20%
What are three types of symptoms of depression?
Behavioural, emotional and cognitive
What are behavioural characteristics of depression?
-Shift in activity level
-Aggression and self-harm
-Sleep (reduced or increase)
What are emotional characteristics of depression?
-Low mood
-Anger
-Low self-Esteem
What are cognitive characteristics of depression?
-Poor concentration
-Absolutist thinking
-Dwelling on the negative
What is the overall assumption of the cognitive approach about depression?
That depression is caused by faulty thinking
What type of thoughts supposedly cause depression?
Negative and irrational thoughts
What are two cognitive explanations of depression?
-Ellis’s ABC model
-Becks Negative Triad
What does the ABC model believe?
That irrational thoughts lead to depression
What do the ABC each stand for?
-Activating event
-Belief we have (rational/irrational)
-Consequence of having this belief
What does ABC model believe about rational and irrational beliefs?
Rational beliefs lead to positive consequences and irrational beliefs lead to negative consequences
What does Becks negative triad believe?
That negative thoughts lead to abnormality
What are the three negative schemas used for Becks negative triad?
-Negative view of self
-Negative view of the world
-Negative view of the future
What is believed about people with 3 these negative schemas in Becks negative triad?
-They are more likely to suffer from depression than other people, because these attitudes combine to create a self-fulfilling prophecy, expecting worst and having the worst happen.
What are the 5 evaluations of the cognitive approach to psychopathology?
😍Led to the development of an effective therapy
😍Evidence to support (Graziolo and Terry)
😞Issues with determining causality
😞Reductionist
😞Better explanation takes into account biology and environmental factors (Diathesis stress model)
What proof do we have that the cognitive explanation of depression creates an effective therapy?
Smith and Glass stated that cognitive therapy has the second highest success rate among 10 different therapies.
What evidence is there to support the cognitive explanation for depression?
Graziolo and Terry examined 65 pregnant women for faulty thinking with a questionnaire before and after birth. Those judged higher on faulty thinking more likely to suffer depression
How does CBT work?
By challenging and changing negative and irrational thoughts to more rational ones
What is an example of CBT that we use?
Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)
What is the purpose of REBT?
To help the client understand irrational thoughts/beliefs and their consequences
What does REBT help to do?
Substitute these irrational beliefs and behaviours with rational ones
How many stages are there to REBT?
Three stages
What are the three stages of REBT? (simplified)
-Identification of irrational thoughts
-Disputing belief system
-Rational confrontations
What happens in Stage 1 of REBT?
-Client and therapist identify irrational thoughts
-Develop relationship (rapport)
What happens in Stage 2 of REBT?
-Client encouraged to dispute these irrational beliefs, creating a dispute belief system
-3 types of disputing
-If not those 3 types of disputing, can use devils advocate
What are the three types of disputing in stage 2 REBT?
-Logical disputing “Does this make sense?”
-Empirical disputing “Where is the proof?”
-Pragmatic disputing “How will this belief help me?”
What happens in devils advocate in stage 2 REBT?
-Client argues against their own belief
-Client has to try and convince therapist the belief is irrational
What are the evaluations of CBT/REBT?
😍There is evidence to show the effectiveness of REBT as a treatment
😍There are little ethical issues with REBT
😞May not be effective for everyone
What study can we use as evidence for REBT effectiveness?
Hollon (2005) - Studied depressed patients who successfully responded to drug therapy or CBT. followed up 12 months after treatment, found that relapse rate for those who had been treated by drug therapy was 76% and CBT was 31%
