Memory Booklet 1: Models of Memory Flashcards
Who proposed the multistore memory model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
What are the main three features of the multi store model?
Sensory Register - Short Term Memory - Long Term Memory
What are the three things you need to know for each store in the MSM?
-Capacity
-Duration
-Coding
What passes into the first store of MSM: sensory register?
Environmental stimulus, such as the sound of someone’s name or other sights, smells and tastes (5 senses)
What is the coding of the MSM: Sensory Register?
Iconic - Memory of visual stimuli
Echoic - Memory of auditory info
What is the duration of the MSM: Sensory Register?
Less than half a second
What is the capacity of the MSM : Sensory Register?
Over a million cells in one eye, each storing data
How is info passed onto the STM from the sensory register?
Through our attention
What research is there on MSM: STM capacity?
Jacobs 1887 - Resarchers read out 4 digits aloud and asked participants to immediately recall these digits in order (serial recall). This was done in an increasing amount of digits, and it was found that the mean span for digits was 9.3 and for letters it was 7.3
What is the capacity of the STM in MSM? and what did Miller suggest?
The capacity of the STM is on average between 5 and 9 pieces of information at any one time, Miller spoke of the magice number 7, with either plus or minus two
Through which process can the capacity of the STM in MSM be increased?
Chunking
What research is there on MSM: STM coding?
Baddeleys (1966)- Baddeleye gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to remember:
-Acoustically similar
-Acoustically dissimilar
-Semantically similar
-Semantically dissimilar
When STM recall was tested, when recalling words straight away: participants remembered fewer of the acoustically similar words
According to Baddeleyes 1966, the STM in MSM is encoded through…
Acoustic information
What research is there on MSM: STM duration?
Peterson and Peterson’s (1959) - Participants were tested over eight trials, on each trial participants given a trigram to remember and asked to count backwards.
Participants on average were 90% correct after 3 seconds, 20% correct after 9 seconds and only 2% correct after 18 seconds
According to Peterson and Petersons (1959) The duration of STM in MSM is…
Up to 18 seconds
What process is used to keep information in the STM in MSM?
Maintenance rehearsal
What is the capacity of MSM: LTM?
Potentially unlimited capacity
What research is there on MSM: LTM duration?
Bahrick (1975) -Bahrick tested 400 people of various ages on their memory of classmates, in a free recall test participants were asked to list the names they could remember of their class.
Within 15 years of graduation, participants were about 90% accurate and after 48 years this declined to about 70% for photo recognition
According to Bahrick (1975) the duration of LTM is…
up to a life time, therefore potentially unlimited
What research is there on MSM: LTM Coding?
Baddeleys 1966 - Different lists of words to remember, same as other study
But when LTM recall was tested, recalling words after 20 minutes, participants remembered fewer of the semantically similar words
According to Baddeleys 1966 information is coded in the MSM: LTM…
Semantically
What are the strengths of the Multi-Store Model? (IEC’s)
-There is evidence to support from case studies of brain damage (HM)
…There are literally no other strengths
What are the weaknesses of the Multi-Store Model? (IEC’s)
-The Multi-Store model is too simple
-LTM involves more than maintenance rehearsal
-Evidence to contradict (Clive Wearing)
-Evidence to contradict (KF)
What happened in the case of KF?
His short term memory for verbal information was much worse than that of visual information. He had difficulty with sounds but not letters or digits