Psychopathology

Question 1

Definitions

Answer 1

Rosenhan & Seligman - Failure to function adequately

Jahoda - Deviation from ideal mental health
(Positive attitude, accurate perception of reality, striving for self-actualisation, coping mechanisms for stress, good self-esteem, and independence and success in work/leisure)

Question 2

Phobias

Answer 2

Must
= Mowrer - Two process model
= Watson & Reyner - Little Albert

Additional
= Sue - Face validity in explanation as can recall specific event which caused phobia.
= Kaplan & Tolin - long term effectiveness by F (65% no symptoms after 4 years).
= Öst - long term effectiveness by SD (90% improved/clear from symptoms after 4 years).

Question 3

Depression

Answer 3

Must
= Beck - Negative Triad
= Ellis - ABC
= Cujpers - CBT vs no CBT, significant improvement on depression, BUT effectiveness varies for each individual.

Should = March - 81% with CBT, as with drugs, 86% combined.

Question 4

OCD

Answer 4

Must = Nestdat et al. - Family 12% > 3% and twins MZ 68% > DZ 31%

Should
= Saxena & Rauch - fMRI showing hyperactivity in occipital frontal cortex vs healthy control.
= Soomro - SSRI is 70% improvement to placebo, but also has side effects.
= Taylor - Aetiologically heterogenous, 230 candidate genes.

SSRIs, Tricyclics (older, same effect but bigger side effects).