Attachments

Question 1

Caregiver Infant Interactions

Answer 1

Should
= Metzoff & Moore - imitation done deliberately, and so young (innate)
= Isabella - correlation bw IS/R with secure attachments

Question 2

Stages of Attachment

Answer 2

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) - 60 Glasgow babies. Longitudinal, visit home every month (for 12m) then once again at 18m. Asked about protests for everyday separation.
–> By age of 40wks (9m), 80% had specific att., 30% displayed multiple att.

Question 3

Role of the Father

Answer 3

Must = Grossman - Attachment w/ mother, father role as playmate

Additional
= Hrdy - lack senstive awareness, lower oestrogen
= Belsky - fathers can have secure relationships IF intimate marriage (dependent on husband-wife dynamic, else insecure).

Question 4

Animal Studies

Answer 4

Must =
Lorenz - Imprinting (geese), Sexual imprinting (peacock on tortoise).
Harlow - Comfort > food.

Should = Guiton - Chickens imprinted and try to mate with yellow washing up gloves! Sexual imprinting is reversible by experience.

Question 5

Learning Theory

Answer 5

Dollard & Miller (1950)
Harlow
Metapelets

Question 6

Monotropic Theory

Answer 6

Bowlby - Survival adv., Law of continuity > law of accumalated separation, social releasers, critical period, IWM.
“the safest dose is therefore a zero dose” - social sensitivity.
Lorenz
Conflicts with Schaffer & Emerson’s multiple attachment

Should:
Brazelton - Told mothers not to reciprocate to social releasers. Babies showed signs of distress and curled up or lied down motionless.

Question 7

TSS & Cultural Variation

Answer 7

Must
= Mary Ainsworth
= Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg

Should
= Main - TSS on children aged 1, then again at age 6, found consistent attachment styles.
= Main & Solomon - 4th type, disorganised attachment
= Kagan - confounding variable of temperament
= Bick - Inter rater reliability for TSS is high.

Question 8

Maternal Deprivation

Answer 8

Bowlby 44 Thieves & Little John
Goldfarb - Lower IQ institution MDs than foster care MDs (emotional support).

Rutter - Privation (RO)
Koluchava twins reversed.

Question 9

Influence of Early Attachments on Later Relationships

Answer 9

Must = Hazan & Shaver

Should = Myron-Wilson & Smith - early attachments influence later childhood relationships (e.g. bullying)

Question 10

Institutionalisation

Answer 10

Rutter - 165 RO adopted in Britain vs British control group. Assessed physical, emotional, cognitive.
–> Differential rates of recovery related to age of adoption. <6m = 102 IQ, 6m-2y = 82IQ.
Zeanah - 95 institutionalised children aged < 3y vs control never in institution. Assessed w/ TSS.
–> CG= 74% Secure. I = 19% secure, 64% disorganised, 44% disinhibited.