Gender

Question 1

Sex and Gender

Answer 1

Additional: Madhura Ingalhaikar - F = Coherence b/w hemispheres, M = Cerebellum and motor/spatial

Question 2

BSRI and Androgyny

Answer 2

Sandra Bem (1974, BSRI, and 1977, undifferentiated)
- Pilot tested on 1000+ American students with test-retest.

Supported by Lubinski

Question 3

Role of Chromosomes and Hormones

Answer 3

Must: David Reimer (case study)

Should: Maccoby & Jacklin - more dif within sexes than bw sexes. Multiple variables show complexity of gender identity formation.

Additional:
Albert - Testosterone in female rats = aggressive.
Dabbs - Prisoners with higher testosterone = more violent crimes.
Taylor - Tend and Befriend.
Tricker - Conflicting, testosterone no affect vs placebo.

Question 4

Atypical sex chromosome patterns

Answer 4

Klinefelter
Turner

Question 5

Cognitive Explanations - Kohlberg

Answer 5

Must: Kohlberg

Should:
Slaby & Frey - Young focus both sexes, Constant age focus same sex.
Munro - cross cultural evidence (Kenya, Samoa, Nepal)
Bussey and Bandura - Conflicting, acting gender typical regardless of age/gender constancy

Question 6

Cognitive Explanations - Gender Schema Theory

Answer 6

Must: Martin & Halverson - 5-6 yo more likely to remember gender consistent images/activity than inconsistent ones.

Additional:
Martin & Little - Stereotypical gender beliefs from 3-5 yrs, already developed schemas (support).
Caldera - As young as 18m prefer gender-typical toys (conflicting)
- Hassett - Rhesus monkeys prefer typical toys (no schema! so maybe biology)

Question 7

Psychodynamic Explanations of Gender Development

Answer 7

Freud
Karen Horney - ‘Womb envy’ = social construct.
Karl Popper - Unfalsifiable, pseudoscience.

Question 8

SLT on Gender Development

Answer 8

Should: Smith & Lloyd - 4-6m babies dressed (irrespective of sex). Boys treated hammer and adventure, girls treated dolls and told “pretty”.

Question 9

Influence of Culture and Media

Answer 9

Should:
Mead - New Guinea (1. both feminine, 2. both masculine, 3. (Tchambuli) opposite).
McGhee & Frueh - More TV = more Sex role stereotypes.

Additional:
Errington & Gewartz - Opposite of Mead in Tchambuli.
Buss - 37 Countries, consistent stereotypes in partner preferences.
Mead - Reconciles, Complex and Constant interaction

Question 10

Gender Dysphoria or GID

Answer 10

Should:
Zhou - Post mortem, MtF had similar size BSTc to F..
Stoller - overly-close mother-son = female identification.

Additional:
Coolidge - Twin study, strong heritable component.