Paper 3 Mistakes Review Flashcards
Answering nature/nurture qs
If answering one, say as opposed to other.
Reductionistic problem
complex behaviours into one factor = low validity
Methods to study nature
Twin studies, adoption, family.
Reductionism AO1
simplest components, different levels of explanation.
Types of reductionism
Experimental/methodological reductionism
Holism Evals
+Ve
Complete understanding; individuality, uniqueness; more valid
-Ve
Difficult to carry out research; often neglects biological; hypothetical > scientific.
Reductionism Evals
+Ve
Principle of parsimony; Scientific credibility for psychology; control = cause/effect; predictive power and reliability
-Ve
Oversimplified of complex behaviour; lab = low eco v; ignores context of behaviour; use of non-human animals.
Brain sex theory
BSTc
Study on transsexual gene
Hare; found from 112 MtF
ON STEM QS
Always specify back to stem. Over-spell it to them!
Why use two models > one?
reduce confounding variables
-Ve Experiments for gender development
Unethical to manipulate IV
Low eco v
+Ve studying gender through chromosomes
Naturally occurring so high eco v. No need to manipulate/control.
Turner and Klinefelter psychological characteristics
Turner = Good reading, low spatial awareness.
Klinefelter = Lack of sexual interest, poor reading and language ability.
Eval - Phallic stage (4-5 years) on gender
-Ve
Children display gender-typical behaviour before 4/5 years.
Continues to develop after 4/5 years, is NOT fixed.
Research on Afro-Caribbean being overdiagnosed for Sz
Cochrane
Family dysfunction encompasses
Communication and interpersonal conflict
EE
DB (leads to negative symproms)
Hostility and disapproval (positive and relapse)
–> Not all children suffer Sz from dysfunctional families
Foundational evidence for top-down
in depth interviews with 36 serial sex offenders.
What is the category title of organised/disorganised
Typology
Database for Top-Down?
Yes. Evidence gathered into database, continually compared against other entries, finding sim. patterns of behaviour.
Behavioural Modification principles
Operant conditioning:
Sec reinforcer = Token
Pri reinforcer = reward
Anger management steps
Cognitive Preparation
Skill Acquisition
Application Practise
Custodial sentencing aim
Rehab, Retribution, Incapacitation/Confinement, Deterrence
I&D ‘refer to a topic’ means…
NOT approach e.g. biological.
INSTEAD specific topic e.g. Sz.
Idiographic -Ve
difficult to generalise subjective knowledge
unrepresentative
unscientific, lacks replicability, empirical, predictive
Largely neglects biological (esp genetics)
Universality =
theories that apply to all people, M&W
Gender bias
dif bw genders MISREPRESENTED
Androcentrism
theories focused on OR research centred around males.
Methodological concern w Kohlberg moral dev
founds data from hypothetical moral dilemmas (the Heinz dilemma) and so may not be applicable in real life scenarios.
Freud example of androcentricism
“failed masculinity”
AO3 for gender bias
More male experiments –> feminist psychology to rebalance
Negative perceptions of one’s sex from under/overstating sim/dif.
Rather than forcing universality, apply rigorous testing for both genders and have careful analysis/discussion.
GST =
understanding of gender appropriate behaviours (eg clothes and colours), and so what doesn’t fit schema is ignored/distorted to fit.
Children better recall items to in group gender than out group
What cannot GST explain
individual differences. If exposed to same environment, why develop dif gender-appropriate behaviours?
When outlinng androgyny
state that it can be identified by BSRI
SR Stereotype =
rigid and oversimplified belief
Kohlberg’s 2nd stages
stability. own gender fixed but fooled by appearance for others.
progression of kohlberg (individual)
maturation, socialisation, less egocentric. Understands short hair girl is still a girl
Evidence for Kohlberg gender
Slaby & Frey - observation of children’s attention
Munro - cross culture (kenya, samoa, nepal)
Definition of positive symptoms in Sz
not normally present in a ‘normal’ person. Distortion or excess of normal functioning
Definition of negative symptom in Sz
decline in functioning.
Diagnosis =
Agreement/consistency by different clinicians across time & cultures
Classification =
Stability of diagnosis over time
Sane in insane researcher
Rosenhan
e.g. of stressful env
losing a parent, childhood abuse
Neural correlates =
development of Sz due to structural/functional abnormalities.
Enlarged ventricles, reduced grey matter, reduced bilateral amygdala and facial emotions processing.
Eysenck’s three categories
Extroversion = need for stimulation, NS underaroused.
Neurotic = unpredictable, no control
Psychotic = affectionless, aggressive, capable of cruelty.
-Ve and +Ve of differential association theory
Correlational
1st theory to highlight social. Shift away from bio
who said typologies oversimplistic
Alison. outdated, personality is not static.
Bottom up evals
Based on schema theory and mental mapping
Can be applied to more than just sex crimes
- Canter used specific location to catch railway killer (Duffy)
Overuse can lead to wrongful arrests (Britton and the case of Rachell Nickell - judge faulted police’s tactics).
Levels of explanation (reductionism) using e.g. of Memory
HIghest = social/cultural
mid = psychological, cognitive
lowest = specific/precise, biological
Less precise => culture influences
More precise => role of brain and dif biological structures (hippocampus)
Holistic/idiographic = less scientific… SO
SO less predictive power
nomo +Ve and -Ve
+Ve combines bio and social
-Ve
Predicts group but lost sight of individual (whole person)
Use of lab = low generalisability to real life.
–> Interaction with idiographic leading to development for nomo laws.
Description + prediction
BSRI -Ve
Self-report = social-desirability bias, lowers internal validity
Research on American students in 1970s, lowers pop validity
Example of gender biological determinism
case of david reimer
Wider implications of gender
Sporting events - olympics females with Y are not allowed to participate
Leiberman on Sz
Meta analysis of 1300 patients
74% discontinued after 18m (side effects)
Aim, prodecure, findings, conc.
Dates of typical atypical antips
1950
1970
Symptom overlap =
correspondance bw Sz and other conditons (e.g. manic depression)
Co-morbidity =
occurrence of illnesses/conditions (sz + depression + substance abuse)
-Ve often excluded from research but are high proportion of Sz
Weak superego formed by
faliure to identify w same sex parent in phallic stage
so, little control over anti-social behaviour (gratifying id).
key word for over-developed superego
crippled by guilt - need for punishment
–> doesn’t stand up to scrutiny.
Psychological effects of custodial sentencing
+Ve rehab, education, new skills - low recidivism
-Ve
School/breeding ground. 70% reoffend < 2 years
Mental illnesses, depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicide
Druf dependency (associations)
Reduced employability due to labelling/prejudice
Design aspect for designing a study
KEY IV and DV
Experimental design
Controls - long? env.? how many?
Material for designing a study
way of measuring?
Data analysis for designing a study
hypothesis = operationalised IV and DV (often scale/ordinal)
Causal explanation means…
Scientific - heavily deterministic on causal relationships.
IV & DV - all other variables controlled.
Changes in DV therefore must be able to manipulating the IV.
4m on distinguishing w/ topic reference
1m x 2 definition
1m EXPLAIN DISTINCTION
1m e.g.
How to change idio to nomo
Larger sample for generalisability
Testable hypothesis
sampling method
Quantitative data
Statistically analysed (inferential)
Now generalise to whole.
Sieber and Stanley
RQ, Conduct of participants, institutional context, interpretation/application.
IC = findings not misused by private companies.
Symplify superego to
phallic psychosexual stage of development.
–> Subjective & unscientific
–> Oedipus/electra/castration anxiety/penis envy, – unfalsifiable theoretical conepts.
GST keys
in groups. out groups
cognitive ability to organise people into m/f
biological explanations for gender
Genetics (longer androgen receptor)
Brain sex theory (BSTc)
Role of sex-hormones (over/under exposure to sex hormones in womb)
Methodological issues for experimental method in gender
quasi, control, eco. v., animals.
Token economics works on?
+Ve and -Ve
“Skinner OC”, “secondary, conditional stimulus”.
+Ve
Boost morale for all - nurses and patients. Easier to manage
McMonagle & Sultana
Do not address symptoms so not a “treatment”
Diagnosis for Sz
persistent disturbance for at least 6 months
what is catatonic behaviour
Avolition, decreases interest in personal hygiene, unconventional dressing up
Eval diagnosis
-Ve
Lack of objective tests (subjective clinician diagnosis)
Descriptive validity - reporting info
Aetiological validity - sufferers should have the same causal factors.
Outline and evaluate roleof genetic in criminals…
USE MZ VS DZ – easy outline and eval!!
FW “ “
& Science
“conscious control”
Wanting causal explanation but FW non-deterministc, not controlled, unpredictable, unobservable, unfalsifiable.
Oral fixation and anal fixation
oral = cigarettes
anal = untidy
Key man for nurture
John Locke “tabula rasa”, filled with experience.
in evals…
GET TO THE HEART
When talking media for gender…
give e.g.s
Mead -Ve
Researcher bias
Imposed etic
McGhee and Frueh
Correlation bw time spent (use SLT terms) on media and stereotypical gender behaviours displayed.
How to answer outline a study 4m qs
aim, method, results, conclusion
Specify if effective - how?
e.g. by relapse reduction or by treating the symptoms
Read carefully for questions; strengths/limitations…
OF RESEARCH
Ethical issues in blaming family
Berger = Sz could remember more double bind statements by mothers than to non-sz.
However, issues with reliability of patient’s responses (retrospective data, distorted thinking)
RJ can be used instead of CS
+Ve and -Ve
May set up opportunities for practical repayments to society such as painting over graffiti.
–> cheaper.
–> Soft option. But most effective w young offenders. shock = realisation.
Evals research on brain physiology
Cause/effect. Abnormal functioning due to trauma > genetics
FW vs D, childhood trauma
Small sample sizes = low gen.
Psychological effects / custodial sentencing…
ZIMBARDO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Cause/effect - may not be CS but psychiatric problems BEFORE institutionalisation. However, Zimbardo “emotionally stable”
Alternative methods (community service), keep jobs and relationships.
Universality 2m
applies to all irrespective of gender
Achieved by including M/W in research, highlighting sims and difs without devaluing one gender.
Evaluating content analysis
-Ve = subjectivity when coding behaviour
= only describes data, doesn’t explain meaning behind the patterns.
+Ve = Less time consuming than covert/overt observations
Be aware of applications when at the…
END of sentence!
Go to for ethical issues
Social sensitivity for INFORMED CONSENT
(+debrief if deception)
If eval dopamine hypothesis using drug therapy
rather than +Ve drugs, say how the drug implies DH (come back to the Q).
Eysenck issue with concept
cause/effect. personality may be a result of offending.
Critics for Lombroso and Eysenck
Lombroso - Goring (2000 v 2000)
Eysenck - Farrington (P > EN, evidence for single personality configuration is mixed)
