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A Level Psychology - Research Studies > Paper 3 Mistakes Review > Flashcards

Paper 3 Mistakes Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Answering nature/nurture qs

A

If answering one, say as opposed to other.

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2
Q

Reductionistic problem

A

complex behaviours into one factor = low validity

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3
Q

Methods to study nature

A

Twin studies, adoption, family.

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4
Q

Reductionism AO1

A

simplest components, different levels of explanation.
Types of reductionism
Experimental/methodological reductionism

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5
Q

Holism Evals

A

+Ve
Complete understanding; individuality, uniqueness; more valid

-Ve
Difficult to carry out research; often neglects biological; hypothetical > scientific.

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6
Q

Reductionism Evals

A

+Ve
Principle of parsimony; Scientific credibility for psychology; control = cause/effect; predictive power and reliability

-Ve
Oversimplified of complex behaviour; lab = low eco v; ignores context of behaviour; use of non-human animals.

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7
Q

Brain sex theory

A

BSTc

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8
Q

Study on transsexual gene

A

Hare; found from 112 MtF

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9
Q

ON STEM QS

A

Always specify back to stem. Over-spell it to them!

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10
Q

Why use two models > one?

A

reduce confounding variables

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11
Q

-Ve Experiments for gender development

A

Unethical to manipulate IV
Low eco v

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12
Q

+Ve studying gender through chromosomes

A

Naturally occurring so high eco v. No need to manipulate/control.

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13
Q

Turner and Klinefelter psychological characteristics

A

Turner = Good reading, low spatial awareness.
Klinefelter = Lack of sexual interest, poor reading and language ability.

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14
Q

Eval - Phallic stage (4-5 years) on gender

A

-Ve
Children display gender-typical behaviour before 4/5 years.
Continues to develop after 4/5 years, is NOT fixed.

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15
Q

Research on Afro-Caribbean being overdiagnosed for Sz

A

Cochrane

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16
Q

Family dysfunction encompasses

A

Communication and interpersonal conflict
EE
DB (leads to negative symproms)
Hostility and disapproval (positive and relapse)

–> Not all children suffer Sz from dysfunctional families

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17
Q

Foundational evidence for top-down

A

in depth interviews with 36 serial sex offenders.

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18
Q

What is the category title of organised/disorganised

A

Typology

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19
Q

Database for Top-Down?

A

Yes. Evidence gathered into database, continually compared against other entries, finding sim. patterns of behaviour.

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20
Q

Behavioural Modification principles

A

Operant conditioning:
Sec reinforcer = Token
Pri reinforcer = reward

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21
Q

Anger management steps

A

Cognitive Preparation
Skill Acquisition
Application Practise

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22
Q

Custodial sentencing aim

A

Rehab, Retribution, Incapacitation/Confinement, Deterrence

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23
Q

I&D ‘refer to a topic’ means…

A

NOT approach e.g. biological.
INSTEAD specific topic e.g. Sz.

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24
Q

Idiographic -Ve

A

difficult to generalise subjective knowledge
unrepresentative
unscientific, lacks replicability, empirical, predictive
Largely neglects biological (esp genetics)

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25
Q

Universality =

A

theories that apply to all people, M&W

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26
Q

Gender bias

A

dif bw genders MISREPRESENTED

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27
Q

Androcentrism

A

theories focused on OR research centred around males.

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28
Q

Methodological concern w Kohlberg moral dev

A

founds data from hypothetical moral dilemmas (the Heinz dilemma) and so may not be applicable in real life scenarios.

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29
Q

Freud example of androcentricism

A

“failed masculinity”

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30
Q

AO3 for gender bias

A

More male experiments –> feminist psychology to rebalance
Negative perceptions of one’s sex from under/overstating sim/dif.
Rather than forcing universality, apply rigorous testing for both genders and have careful analysis/discussion.

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31
Q

GST =

A

understanding of gender appropriate behaviours (eg clothes and colours), and so what doesn’t fit schema is ignored/distorted to fit.
Children better recall items to in group gender than out group

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32
Q

What cannot GST explain

A

individual differences. If exposed to same environment, why develop dif gender-appropriate behaviours?

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33
Q

When outlinng androgyny

A

state that it can be identified by BSRI

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34
Q

SR Stereotype =

A

rigid and oversimplified belief

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35
Q

Kohlberg’s 2nd stages

A

stability. own gender fixed but fooled by appearance for others.

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36
Q

progression of kohlberg (individual)

A

maturation, socialisation, less egocentric. Understands short hair girl is still a girl

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37
Q

Evidence for Kohlberg gender

A

Slaby & Frey - observation of children’s attention
Munro - cross culture (kenya, samoa, nepal)

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38
Q

Definition of positive symptoms in Sz

A

not normally present in a ‘normal’ person. Distortion or excess of normal functioning

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39
Q

Definition of negative symptom in Sz

A

decline in functioning.

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40
Q

Diagnosis =

A

Agreement/consistency by different clinicians across time & cultures

41
Q

Classification =

A

Stability of diagnosis over time

42
Q

Sane in insane researcher

A

Rosenhan

43
Q

e.g. of stressful env

A

losing a parent, childhood abuse

44
Q

Neural correlates =

A

development of Sz due to structural/functional abnormalities.
Enlarged ventricles, reduced grey matter, reduced bilateral amygdala and facial emotions processing.

45
Q

Eysenck’s three categories

A

Extroversion = need for stimulation, NS underaroused.
Neurotic = unpredictable, no control
Psychotic = affectionless, aggressive, capable of cruelty.

46
Q

-Ve and +Ve of differential association theory

A

Correlational

1st theory to highlight social. Shift away from bio

47
Q

who said typologies oversimplistic

A

Alison. outdated, personality is not static.

48
Q

Bottom up evals

A

Based on schema theory and mental mapping
Can be applied to more than just sex crimes
- Canter used specific location to catch railway killer (Duffy)
Overuse can lead to wrongful arrests (Britton and the case of Rachell Nickell - judge faulted police’s tactics).

49
Q

Levels of explanation (reductionism) using e.g. of Memory

A

HIghest = social/cultural
mid = psychological, cognitive
lowest = specific/precise, biological

Less precise => culture influences
More precise => role of brain and dif biological structures (hippocampus)

50
Q

Holistic/idiographic = less scientific… SO

A

SO less predictive power

51
Q

nomo +Ve and -Ve

A

+Ve combines bio and social
-Ve
Predicts group but lost sight of individual (whole person)
Use of lab = low generalisability to real life.

–> Interaction with idiographic leading to development for nomo laws.
Description + prediction

52
Q

BSRI -Ve

A

Self-report = social-desirability bias, lowers internal validity
Research on American students in 1970s, lowers pop validity

53
Q

Example of gender biological determinism

A

case of david reimer

54
Q

Wider implications of gender

A

Sporting events - olympics females with Y are not allowed to participate

55
Q

Leiberman on Sz

A

Meta analysis of 1300 patients
74% discontinued after 18m (side effects)
Aim, prodecure, findings, conc.

56
Q

Dates of typical atypical antips

A

1950
1970

57
Q

Symptom overlap =

A

correspondance bw Sz and other conditons (e.g. manic depression)

58
Q

Co-morbidity =

A

occurrence of illnesses/conditions (sz + depression + substance abuse)
-Ve often excluded from research but are high proportion of Sz

59
Q

Weak superego formed by

A

faliure to identify w same sex parent in phallic stage
so, little control over anti-social behaviour (gratifying id).

60
Q

key word for over-developed superego

A

crippled by guilt - need for punishment
–> doesn’t stand up to scrutiny.

61
Q

Psychological effects of custodial sentencing

A

+Ve rehab, education, new skills - low recidivism
-Ve
School/breeding ground. 70% reoffend < 2 years
Mental illnesses, depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicide
Druf dependency (associations)
Reduced employability due to labelling/prejudice

62
Q

Design aspect for designing a study

A

KEY IV and DV
Experimental design
Controls - long? env.? how many?

63
Q

Material for designing a study

A

way of measuring?

64
Q

Data analysis for designing a study

A

hypothesis = operationalised IV and DV (often scale/ordinal)

65
Q

Causal explanation means…

A

Scientific - heavily deterministic on causal relationships.
IV & DV - all other variables controlled.
Changes in DV therefore must be able to manipulating the IV.

66
Q

4m on distinguishing w/ topic reference

A

1m x 2 definition
1m EXPLAIN DISTINCTION
1m e.g.

67
Q

How to change idio to nomo

A

Larger sample for generalisability
Testable hypothesis
sampling method
Quantitative data
Statistically analysed (inferential)
Now generalise to whole.

68
Q

Sieber and Stanley

A

RQ, Conduct of participants, institutional context, interpretation/application.

IC = findings not misused by private companies.

69
Q

Symplify superego to

A

phallic psychosexual stage of development.
–> Subjective & unscientific
–> Oedipus/electra/castration anxiety/penis envy, – unfalsifiable theoretical conepts.

70
Q

GST keys

A

in groups. out groups
cognitive ability to organise people into m/f

71
Q

biological explanations for gender

A

Genetics (longer androgen receptor)
Brain sex theory (BSTc)
Role of sex-hormones (over/under exposure to sex hormones in womb)

72
Q

Methodological issues for experimental method in gender

A

quasi, control, eco. v., animals.

73
Q

Token economics works on?
+Ve and -Ve

A

“Skinner OC”, “secondary, conditional stimulus”.
+Ve
Boost morale for all - nurses and patients. Easier to manage
McMonagle & Sultana
Do not address symptoms so not a “treatment”

74
Q

Diagnosis for Sz

A

persistent disturbance for at least 6 months

75
Q

what is catatonic behaviour

A

Avolition, decreases interest in personal hygiene, unconventional dressing up

76
Q

Eval diagnosis

A

-Ve
Lack of objective tests (subjective clinician diagnosis)
Descriptive validity - reporting info
Aetiological validity - sufferers should have the same causal factors.

77
Q

Outline and evaluate roleof genetic in criminals…

A

USE MZ VS DZ – easy outline and eval!!

78
Q

FW “ “
& Science

A

“conscious control”
Wanting causal explanation but FW non-deterministc, not controlled, unpredictable, unobservable, unfalsifiable.

79
Q

Oral fixation and anal fixation

A

oral = cigarettes
anal = untidy

80
Q

Key man for nurture

A

John Locke “tabula rasa”, filled with experience.

81
Q

in evals…

A

GET TO THE HEART

82
Q

When talking media for gender…

A

give e.g.s

83
Q

Mead -Ve

A

Researcher bias
Imposed etic

84
Q

McGhee and Frueh

A

Correlation bw time spent (use SLT terms) on media and stereotypical gender behaviours displayed.

85
Q

How to answer outline a study 4m qs

A

aim, method, results, conclusion

86
Q

Specify if effective - how?

A

e.g. by relapse reduction or by treating the symptoms

87
Q

Read carefully for questions; strengths/limitations…

A

OF RESEARCH

87
Q

Ethical issues in blaming family

A

Berger = Sz could remember more double bind statements by mothers than to non-sz.
However, issues with reliability of patient’s responses (retrospective data, distorted thinking)

87
Q

RJ can be used instead of CS
+Ve and -Ve

A

May set up opportunities for practical repayments to society such as painting over graffiti.
–> cheaper.
–> Soft option. But most effective w young offenders. shock = realisation.

88
Q

Evals research on brain physiology

A

Cause/effect. Abnormal functioning due to trauma > genetics
FW vs D, childhood trauma
Small sample sizes = low gen.

89
Q

Psychological effects / custodial sentencing…

A

ZIMBARDO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Cause/effect - may not be CS but psychiatric problems BEFORE institutionalisation. However, Zimbardo “emotionally stable”

Alternative methods (community service), keep jobs and relationships.

90
Q

Universality 2m

A

applies to all irrespective of gender
Achieved by including M/W in research, highlighting sims and difs without devaluing one gender.

91
Q

Evaluating content analysis

A

-Ve = subjectivity when coding behaviour
= only describes data, doesn’t explain meaning behind the patterns.
+Ve = Less time consuming than covert/overt observations

92
Q

Be aware of applications when at the…

A

END of sentence!

93
Q

Go to for ethical issues

A

Social sensitivity for INFORMED CONSENT
(+debrief if deception)

94
Q

If eval dopamine hypothesis using drug therapy

A

rather than +Ve drugs, say how the drug implies DH (come back to the Q).

95
Q

Eysenck issue with concept

A

cause/effect. personality may be a result of offending.

96
Q

Critics for Lombroso and Eysenck

A

Lombroso - Goring (2000 v 2000)
Eysenck - Farrington (P > EN, evidence for single personality configuration is mixed)

A Level Psychology - Research Studies (13 decks)

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