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A Level Psychology - Research Studies > Paper 3 Mistakes Review > Flashcards

Paper 3 Mistakes Review Flashcards

1
Q

Answering nature/nurture qs

A

If answering one, say as opposed to other.

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2
Q

Reductionistic problem

A

complex behaviours into one factor = low validity

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3
Q

Methods to study nature

A

Twin studies, adoption, family.

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4
Q

Reductionism AO1

A

simplest components, different levels of explanation.
Types of reductionism
Experimental/methodological reductionism

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5
Q

Holism Evals

A

+Ve
Complete understanding; individuality, uniqueness; more valid

-Ve
Difficult to carry out research; often neglects biological; hypothetical > scientific.

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6
Q

Reductionism Evals

A

+Ve
Principle of parsimony; Scientific credibility for psychology; control = cause/effect; predictive power and reliability

-Ve
Oversimplified of complex behaviour; lab = low eco v; ignores context of behaviour; use of non-human animals.

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7
Q

Brain sex theory

A

BSTc

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8
Q

Study on transsexual gene

A

Hare; found from 112 MtF

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9
Q

ON STEM QS

A

Always specify back to stem. Over-spell it to them!

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10
Q

Why use two models > one?

A

reduce confounding variables

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11
Q

-Ve Experiments for gender development

A

Unethical to manipulate IV
Low eco v

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12
Q

+Ve studying gender through chromosomes

A

Naturally occurring so high eco v. No need to manipulate/control.

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13
Q

Turner and Klinefelter psychological characteristics

A

Turner = Good reading, low spatial awareness.
Klinefelter = Lack of sexual interest, poor reading and language ability.

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14
Q

Eval - Phallic stage (4-5 years) on gender

A

-Ve
Children display gender-typical behaviour before 4/5 years.
Continues to develop after 4/5 years, is NOT fixed.

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15
Q

Research on Afro-Caribbean being overdiagnosed for Sz

A

Cochrane

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16
Q

Family dysfunction encompasses

A

Communication and interpersonal conflict
EE
DB (leads to negative symproms)
Hostility and disapproval (positive and relapse)

–> Not all children suffer Sz from dysfunctional families

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17
Q

Foundational evidence for top-down

A

in depth interviews with 36 serial sex offenders.

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18
Q

What is the category title of organised/disorganised

A

Typology

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19
Q

Database for Top-Down?

A

Yes. Evidence gathered into database, continually compared against other entries, finding sim. patterns of behaviour.

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20
Q

Behavioural Modification principles

A

Operant conditioning:
Sec reinforcer = Token
Pri reinforcer = reward

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21
Q

Anger management steps

A

Cognitive Preparation
Skill Acquisition
Application Practise

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22
Q

Custodial sentencing aim

A

Rehab, Retribution, Incapacitation/Confinement, Deterrence

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23
Q

I&D ‘refer to a topic’ means…

A

NOT approach e.g. biological.
INSTEAD specific topic e.g. Sz.

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24
Q

Idiographic -Ve

A

difficult to generalise subjective knowledge
unrepresentative
unscientific, lacks replicability, empirical, predictive
Largely neglects biological (esp genetics)

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25
Universality =
theories that apply to all people, M&W
26
Gender bias
dif bw genders MISREPRESENTED
27
Androcentrism
theories focused on OR research centred around males.
28
Methodological concern w Kohlberg moral dev
founds data from hypothetical moral dilemmas (the Heinz dilemma) and so may not be applicable in real life scenarios.
29
Freud example of androcentricism
"failed masculinity"
30
AO3 for gender bias
More male experiments --> feminist psychology to rebalance Negative perceptions of one's sex from under/overstating sim/dif. Rather than forcing universality, apply rigorous testing for both genders and have careful analysis/discussion.
31
GST =
understanding of gender appropriate behaviours (eg clothes and colours), and so what doesn't fit schema is ignored/distorted to fit. Children better recall items to in group gender than out group
32
What cannot GST explain
individual differences. If exposed to same environment, why develop dif gender-appropriate behaviours?
33
When outlinng androgyny
state that it can be identified by BSRI
34
SR Stereotype =
rigid and oversimplified belief
35
Kohlberg's 2nd stages
stability. own gender fixed but fooled by appearance for others.
36
progression of kohlberg (individual)
maturation, socialisation, less egocentric. Understands short hair girl is still a girl
37
Evidence for Kohlberg gender
Slaby & Frey - observation of children's attention Munro - cross culture (kenya, samoa, nepal)
38
Definition of positive symptoms in Sz
not normally present in a 'normal' person. Distortion or excess of normal functioning
39
Definition of negative symptom in Sz
decline in functioning.
40
Diagnosis =
Agreement/consistency by different clinicians across time & cultures
41
Classification =
Stability of diagnosis over time
42
Sane in insane researcher
Rosenhan
43
e.g. of stressful env
losing a parent, childhood abuse
44
Neural correlates =
development of Sz due to structural/functional abnormalities. Enlarged ventricles, reduced grey matter, reduced bilateral amygdala and facial emotions processing.
45
Eysenck's three categories
Extroversion = need for stimulation, NS underaroused. Neurotic = unpredictable, no control Psychotic = affectionless, aggressive, capable of cruelty.
46
-Ve and +Ve of differential association theory
Correlational 1st theory to highlight social. Shift away from bio
47
who said typologies oversimplistic
Alison. outdated, personality is not static.
48
Bottom up evals
Based on schema theory and mental mapping Can be applied to more than just sex crimes - Canter used specific location to catch railway killer (Duffy) Overuse can lead to wrongful arrests (Britton and the case of Rachell Nickell - judge faulted police's tactics).
49
Levels of explanation (reductionism) using e.g. of Memory
HIghest = social/cultural mid = psychological, cognitive lowest = specific/precise, biological Less precise => culture influences More precise => role of brain and dif biological structures (hippocampus)
50
Holistic/idiographic = less scientific... SO
SO less predictive power
51
nomo +Ve and -Ve
+Ve combines bio and social -Ve Predicts group but lost sight of individual (whole person) Use of lab = low generalisability to real life. --> Interaction with idiographic leading to development for nomo laws. Description + prediction
52
BSRI -Ve
Self-report = social-desirability bias, lowers internal validity Research on American students in 1970s, lowers pop validity
53
Example of gender biological determinism
case of david reimer
54
Wider implications of gender
Sporting events - olympics females with Y are not allowed to participate
55
Leiberman on Sz
Meta analysis of 1300 patients 74% discontinued after 18m (side effects) Aim, prodecure, findings, conc.
56
Dates of typical atypical antips
1950 1970
57
Symptom overlap =
correspondance bw Sz and other conditons (e.g. manic depression)
58
Co-morbidity =
occurrence of illnesses/conditions (sz + depression + substance abuse) -Ve often excluded from research but are high proportion of Sz
59
Weak superego formed by
faliure to identify w same sex parent in phallic stage so, little control over anti-social behaviour (gratifying id).
60
key word for over-developed superego
crippled by guilt - need for punishment --> doesn't stand up to scrutiny.
61
Psychological effects of custodial sentencing
+Ve rehab, education, new skills - low recidivism -Ve School/breeding ground. 70% reoffend < 2 years Mental illnesses, depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicide Druf dependency (associations) Reduced employability due to labelling/prejudice
62
Design aspect for designing a study
KEY IV and DV Experimental design Controls - long? env.? how many?
63
Material for designing a study
way of measuring?
64
Data analysis for designing a study
hypothesis = operationalised IV and DV (often scale/ordinal)
65
Causal explanation means...
Scientific - heavily deterministic on causal relationships. IV & DV - all other variables controlled. Changes in DV therefore must be able to manipulating the IV.
66
4m on distinguishing w/ topic reference
1m x 2 definition 1m EXPLAIN DISTINCTION 1m e.g.
67
How to change idio to nomo
Larger sample for generalisability Testable hypothesis sampling method Quantitative data Statistically analysed (inferential) Now generalise to whole.
68
Sieber and Stanley
RQ, Conduct of participants, institutional context, interpretation/application. IC = findings not misused by private companies.
69
Symplify superego to
phallic psychosexual stage of development. --> Subjective & unscientific --> Oedipus/electra/castration anxiety/penis envy, -- unfalsifiable theoretical conepts.
70
GST keys
in groups. out groups cognitive ability to organise people into m/f
71
biological explanations for gender
Genetics (longer androgen receptor) Brain sex theory (BSTc) Role of sex-hormones (over/under exposure to sex hormones in womb)
72
Methodological issues for experimental method in gender
quasi, control, eco. v., animals.
73
Token economics works on? +Ve and -Ve
"Skinner OC", "secondary, conditional stimulus". +Ve Boost morale for all - nurses and patients. Easier to manage McMonagle & Sultana Do not address symptoms so not a "treatment"
74
Diagnosis for Sz
persistent disturbance for at least 6 months
75
what is catatonic behaviour
Avolition, decreases interest in personal hygiene, unconventional dressing up
76
Eval diagnosis
-Ve Lack of objective tests (subjective clinician diagnosis) Descriptive validity - reporting info Aetiological validity - sufferers should have the same causal factors.
77
Outline and evaluate roleof genetic in criminals...
USE MZ VS DZ -- easy outline and eval!!
78
FW " " & Science
"conscious control" Wanting causal explanation but FW non-deterministc, not controlled, unpredictable, unobservable, unfalsifiable.
79
Oral fixation and anal fixation
oral = cigarettes anal = untidy
80
Key man for nurture
John Locke "tabula rasa", filled with experience.
81
in evals...
GET TO THE HEART
82
When talking media for gender...
give e.g.s
83
Mead -Ve
Researcher bias Imposed etic
84
McGhee and Frueh
Correlation bw time spent (use SLT terms) on media and stereotypical gender behaviours displayed.
85
How to answer outline a study 4m qs
aim, method, results, conclusion
86
Specify if effective - how?
e.g. by relapse reduction or by treating the symptoms
87
Read carefully for questions; strengths/limitations...
OF RESEARCH
87
Ethical issues in blaming family
Berger = Sz could remember more double bind statements by mothers than to non-sz. However, issues with reliability of patient's responses (retrospective data, distorted thinking)
87
RJ can be used instead of CS +Ve and -Ve
May set up opportunities for practical repayments to society such as painting over graffiti. --> cheaper. --> Soft option. But most effective w young offenders. shock = realisation.
88
Evals research on brain physiology
Cause/effect. Abnormal functioning due to trauma > genetics FW vs D, childhood trauma Small sample sizes = low gen.
89
Psychological effects / custodial sentencing...
ZIMBARDO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Cause/effect - may not be CS but psychiatric problems BEFORE institutionalisation. However, Zimbardo "emotionally stable" Alternative methods (community service), keep jobs and relationships.
90
Universality 2m
applies to all irrespective of gender Achieved by including M/W in research, highlighting sims and difs without devaluing one gender.
91
Evaluating content analysis
-Ve = subjectivity when coding behaviour = only describes data, doesn't explain meaning behind the patterns. +Ve = Less time consuming than covert/overt observations
92
Be aware of applications when at the...
END of sentence!
93
Go to for ethical issues
Social sensitivity for INFORMED CONSENT (+debrief if deception)
94
If eval dopamine hypothesis using drug therapy
rather than +Ve drugs, say how the drug implies DH (come back to the Q).
95
Eysenck issue with concept
cause/effect. personality may be a result of offending.
96
Critics for Lombroso and Eysenck
Lombroso - Goring (2000 v 2000) Eysenck - Farrington (P > EN, evidence for single personality configuration is mixed)

A Level Psychology - Research Studies (13 decks)

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