Psychopathology Flashcards
Deviant from social norms
Unwritten behaviour expectation that vary culture to culture and time period
Social deviants
Individuals who break norms of society and seen as abnormal
E.g. show high culturally specific to religious experiences
+ protects society
Effects of individuals abnormalities like behaviour outbursts
+ Not ethnocentric
Doesn’t impose western views of abnormality onto other cultures
- inappropriate diagnosing
New cultures seen as abnormal e.g. Afro Caribbean living in uk are 7x more likely to be diagnosis’s with sz
Failure to function adequately
Can’t cope with day to day life, personal distesss, delusions unpredictable actions
+ personal experience
Respects individuals which is something that others such as statistical infrequency and deviation from social norms do
- only includes those who can cope
Psychopaths can often function in society to benefit personally - low empathy - success in business
Statistical infrequency
Mental abnormal if mental condition is vary compared to population - judged statistical comparing individuals
How is statistical infrequency measured
Normal distribution curve shows populations average spread through different characteristics
evaluation stastical infrequency
+ objectively- less subjective to opinion of clinician more valid
- not all statically rare traits are negative - IQ 130 as rare as IQ of 70 but not negative
Deviation from ideal mental health
Jahoada - anything that deviation from good mental health traits - indicates abnormality
Six features of Jahoda earspa
Environmental mastery
Autonomy
Resisting stress
Self actualisation
Positive attitude towards yourself
Accurate perception of reality
Evaluate deviation from ideal mental health
+ goal setting positive - not negatively labelled as “dysfunctional” - failure to function adequately
+ holistic- multiple factors considering not simple one problem you have to overcome
- too strict criteria challenging changes overtime and cultural variations hard to generalise
Phobias - behaviour
Avoidance
Panic
Failure to function
Phobia emotional
Anxiety
Fear
Phobias cognitive
Irrational thoughts- fear exaggerated belief of phobia
Reduced cognitive capacity- attention focused on phobia object
Depression behavioural
Reduction in activity - lack of energy
Change in eating behaviour
Aggression
Depression emotional
Sadness
Guilt - helplessness
Depression cognitive
Poor concentration
Negative schema - automatic negative bias becks triad
OCD behavioural
Compulsion e.g. cleaning behaviour
Avoidance - avoid trigging objects of obsession
OCD emotional
Depression
Anxiety
OCD cognitive
Obsession
Hyper vigilance - permanent state of alertness
Three categories in describing mental disorders
Behavioural
emotional
cognitive
Genetic explainstipn for ocd
Inherited genetic analysis related 230 separate candidate gene more frequently found in those with ocd
Sert gene reuptake in serotonin
Large number of candidate genes - OCD polygenic
Neural explanation OCD
Low serotonin levels - due to being removed too quickly from synapse before transmit to the postsynaptic cell
Neural explanation ocd brain structures
Over active communication between structure of the OFC rational thinking worry circuit resulting in obsessive thinking
Twin study
31% concordance rate and monozygotic twins 68%
MZ and DZ group share similar environment
Additional DNA increase concordance
AO3 OCD explaining biologically
+Twin studies
- correlational study
+/- distress stress
Correlational
no causation MZ 68% not 100% if genetic was entirely cause - role of environment
+/- diathesis stress
combining genetic vulnerability to OCD diathesis and environment stressor
More likely to report OCD with at least one traumatic life event
Treating OCD biological
Drug therapy- antidepressant called SSRI inhibition of serotonin in synapse
Benzodiazepines enhancing neurotransmitter GABA
SSRI treating ocd
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Slow down reuptake of serotonin in synapses decreasing anxiety only selected serotonin so still present in synaptic cleft to stimulate postsynaptic neuron
Benzodiazepines
Enhancing neurotransmitters called GABA slowing central nervous system and relaxing
works on multiple neurotransmitters
Benzodiazepines evaluation
+ Can be effective if SSRI fails
- work on multiple neurotransmitters non selective tend to have more intense side effects
Evaluation of treating OCD biologically
+ cheaper - reduce cost drug effective but bad side effects biased results
- side effects
+ Soomro reduce symptoms of OCD compared to placebo effective in short term
Soomro
comparing 17 SSRI to placebo found reduce symptoms compared to placebo post-treatment - effective short term
- cheaper
Cheaper than other therapies such as CBT convenient CBT requires patients multiple sessions
- Biased
Companies that create them have financial interest - could be biased results to show effectiveness - causing bad side affects nausea headaches
Side effects - Soomro
Range of side affects nausea headache and insomnia
Evaluation of CBT
Hollon - holy no drugs - CBT preventing relapses
+/- Keller et al combination of drug and CBT recovery rate 85%
- derubies CBT and SSRI equally effective CBT long drug treatment quick fix - can’t generalise everyone is different
March -
Cognitive explanation for depression / CBT effective 81% after 36 weeks cognitive explanation there based on is valid
