Psychopathology Flashcards by lauren morris

Deviant from social norms

Unwritten behaviour expectation that vary culture to culture and time period

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Social deviants

Individuals who break norms of society and seen as abnormal
E.g. show high culturally specific to religious experiences

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+ protects society

Effects of individuals abnormalities like behaviour outbursts

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+ Not ethnocentric

Doesn’t impose western views of abnormality onto other cultures

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inappropriate diagnosing

New cultures seen as abnormal e.g. Afro Caribbean living in uk are 7x more likely to be diagnosis’s with sz

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Failure to function adequately

Can’t cope with day to day life, personal distesss, delusions unpredictable actions

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+ personal experience

Respects individuals which is something that others such as statistical infrequency and deviation from social norms do

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only includes those who can cope

Psychopaths can often function in society to benefit personally - low empathy - success in business

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Statistical infrequency

Mental abnormal if mental condition is vary compared to population - judged statistical comparing individuals

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How is statistical infrequency measured

Normal distribution curve shows populations average spread through different characteristics

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evaluation stastical infrequency

+ objectively- less subjective to opinion of clinician more valid

not all statically rare traits are negative - IQ 130 as rare as IQ of 70 but not negative

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Deviation from ideal mental health

Jahoada - anything that deviation from good mental health traits - indicates abnormality

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Six features of Jahoda earspa

Environmental mastery
Autonomy
Resisting stress
Self actualisation
Positive attitude towards yourself
Accurate perception of reality

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Evaluate deviation from ideal mental health

+ goal setting positive - not negatively labelled as “dysfunctional” - failure to function adequately

+ holistic- multiple factors considering not simple one problem you have to overcome

too strict criteria challenging changes overtime and cultural variations hard to generalise

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Phobias - behaviour

Avoidance
Panic
Failure to function

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Phobia emotional

Anxiety
Fear

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Phobias cognitive

Irrational thoughts- fear exaggerated belief of phobia

Reduced cognitive capacity- attention focused on phobia object

Depression behavioural

Reduction in activity - lack of energy

Change in eating behaviour

Aggression

Depression emotional

Sadness

Guilt - helplessness

Depression cognitive

Poor concentration

Negative schema - automatic negative bias becks triad

OCD behavioural

Compulsion e.g. cleaning behaviour

Avoidance - avoid trigging objects of obsession

OCD emotional

Depression

Anxiety

OCD cognitive

Obsession

Hyper vigilance - permanent state of alertness

Three categories in describing mental disorders

Behavioural
emotional
cognitive

Genetic explainstipn for ocd

Inherited genetic analysis related 230 separate candidate gene more frequently found in those with ocd Sert gene reuptake in serotonin Large number of candidate genes - OCD polygenic

Neural explanation OCD

Low serotonin levels - due to being removed too quickly from synapse before transmit to the postsynaptic cell

Neural explanation ocd brain structures

Over active communication between structure of the OFC rational thinking worry circuit resulting in obsessive thinking

Twin study

31% concordance rate and monozygotic twins 68% MZ and DZ group share similar environment Additional DNA increase concordance

AO3 OCD explaining biologically

+Twin studies - correlational study +/- distress stress

Correlational

no causation MZ 68% not 100% if genetic was entirely cause - role of environment

+/- diathesis stress

combining genetic vulnerability to OCD diathesis and environment stressor More likely to report OCD with at least one traumatic life event

Treating OCD biological

Drug therapy- antidepressant called SSRI inhibition of serotonin in synapse Benzodiazepines enhancing neurotransmitter GABA

SSRI treating ocd

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Slow down reuptake of serotonin in synapses decreasing anxiety only selected serotonin so still present in synaptic cleft to stimulate postsynaptic neuron

Benzodiazepines

Enhancing neurotransmitters called GABA slowing central nervous system and relaxing works on multiple neurotransmitters

Benzodiazepines evaluation

+ Can be effective if SSRI fails - work on multiple neurotransmitters non selective tend to have more intense side effects

Evaluation of treating OCD biologically

+ cheaper - reduce cost drug effective but bad side effects biased results - side effects + Soomro reduce symptoms of OCD compared to placebo effective in short term

Soomro

comparing 17 SSRI to placebo found reduce symptoms compared to placebo post-treatment - effective short term

- cheaper

Cheaper than other therapies such as CBT convenient CBT requires patients multiple sessions

- Biased

Companies that create them have financial interest - could be biased results to show effectiveness - causing bad side affects nausea headaches

Side effects - Soomro

Range of side affects nausea headache and insomnia

Evaluation of CBT

Hollon - holy no drugs - CBT preventing relapses +/- Keller et al combination of drug and CBT recovery rate 85% - derubies CBT and SSRI equally effective CBT long drug treatment quick fix - can’t generalise everyone is different

March -

Cognitive explanation for depression / CBT effective 81% after 36 weeks cognitive explanation there based on is valid