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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Deviant from social norms

A

Unwritten behaviour expectation that vary culture to culture and time period

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2
Q

Social deviants

A

Individuals who break norms of society and seen as abnormal
E.g. show high culturally specific to religious experiences

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3
Q

+ protects society

A

Effects of individuals abnormalities like behaviour outbursts

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4
Q

+ Not ethnocentric

A

Doesn’t impose western views of abnormality onto other cultures

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5
Q
  • inappropriate diagnosing
A

New cultures seen as abnormal e.g. Afro Caribbean living in uk are 7x more likely to be diagnosis’s with sz

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6
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

Can’t cope with day to day life, personal distesss, delusions unpredictable actions

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7
Q

+ personal experience

A

Respects individuals which is something that others such as statistical infrequency and deviation from social norms do

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8
Q
  • only includes those who can cope
A

Psychopaths can often function in society to benefit personally - low empathy - success in business

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9
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

Mental abnormal if mental condition is vary compared to population - judged statistical comparing individuals

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10
Q

How is statistical infrequency measured

A

Normal distribution curve shows populations average spread through different characteristics

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11
Q

evaluation stastical infrequency

A

+ objectively- less subjective to opinion of clinician more valid

  • not all statically rare traits are negative - IQ 130 as rare as IQ of 70 but not negative
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12
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Jahoada - anything that deviation from good mental health traits - indicates abnormality

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13
Q

Six features of Jahoda earspa

A

Environmental mastery
Autonomy
Resisting stress
Self actualisation
Positive attitude towards yourself
Accurate perception of reality

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14
Q

Evaluate deviation from ideal mental health

A

+ goal setting positive - not negatively labelled as “dysfunctional” - failure to function adequately

+ holistic- multiple factors considering not simple one problem you have to overcome

  • too strict criteria challenging changes overtime and cultural variations hard to generalise
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15
Q

Phobias - behaviour

A

Avoidance
Panic
Failure to function

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16
Q

Phobia emotional

A

Anxiety
Fear

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17
Q

Phobias cognitive

A

Irrational thoughts- fear exaggerated belief of phobia

Reduced cognitive capacity- attention focused on phobia object

18
Q

Depression behavioural

A

Reduction in activity - lack of energy

Change in eating behaviour

Aggression

19
Q

Depression emotional

A

Sadness

Guilt - helplessness

20
Q

Depression cognitive

A

Poor concentration

Negative schema - automatic negative bias becks triad

21
Q

OCD behavioural

A

Compulsion e.g. cleaning behaviour

Avoidance - avoid trigging objects of obsession

22
Q

OCD emotional

A

Depression

Anxiety

23
Q

OCD cognitive

A

Obsession

Hyper vigilance - permanent state of alertness

24
Q

Three categories in describing mental disorders

A

Behavioural
emotional
cognitive

25
Q

Genetic explainstipn for ocd

A

Inherited genetic analysis related 230 separate candidate gene more frequently found in those with ocd

Sert gene reuptake in serotonin

Large number of candidate genes - OCD polygenic

26
Q

Neural explanation OCD

A

Low serotonin levels - due to being removed too quickly from synapse before transmit to the postsynaptic cell

27
Q

Neural explanation ocd brain structures

A

Over active communication between structure of the OFC rational thinking worry circuit resulting in obsessive thinking

28
Q

Twin study

A

31% concordance rate and monozygotic twins 68%
MZ and DZ group share similar environment
Additional DNA increase concordance

29
Q

AO3 OCD explaining biologically

A

+Twin studies
- correlational study
+/- distress stress

30
Q

Correlational

A

no causation MZ 68% not 100% if genetic was entirely cause - role of environment

31
Q

+/- diathesis stress

A

combining genetic vulnerability to OCD diathesis and environment stressor
More likely to report OCD with at least one traumatic life event

32
Q

Treating OCD biological

A

Drug therapy- antidepressant called SSRI inhibition of serotonin in synapse

Benzodiazepines enhancing neurotransmitter GABA

33
Q

SSRI treating ocd

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Slow down reuptake of serotonin in synapses decreasing anxiety only selected serotonin so still present in synaptic cleft to stimulate postsynaptic neuron

34
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Enhancing neurotransmitters called GABA slowing central nervous system and relaxing

works on multiple neurotransmitters

35
Q

Benzodiazepines evaluation

A

+ Can be effective if SSRI fails

  • work on multiple neurotransmitters non selective tend to have more intense side effects
36
Q

Evaluation of treating OCD biologically

A

+ cheaper - reduce cost drug effective but bad side effects biased results

  • side effects

+ Soomro reduce symptoms of OCD compared to placebo effective in short term

37
Q

Soomro

A

comparing 17 SSRI to placebo found reduce symptoms compared to placebo post-treatment - effective short term

38
Q
  • cheaper
A

Cheaper than other therapies such as CBT convenient CBT requires patients multiple sessions

39
Q
  • Biased
A

Companies that create them have financial interest - could be biased results to show effectiveness - causing bad side affects nausea headaches

40
Q

Side effects - Soomro

A

Range of side affects nausea headache and insomnia

41
Q

Evaluation of CBT

A

Hollon - holy no drugs - CBT preventing relapses

+/- Keller et al combination of drug and CBT recovery rate 85%

  • derubies CBT and SSRI equally effective CBT long drug treatment quick fix - can’t generalise everyone is different
42
Q

March -

A

Cognitive explanation for depression / CBT effective 81% after 36 weeks cognitive explanation there based on is valid

psychology (25 decks)

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