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Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional tie between two people usually mother and child. Relationship is reciprocated 2 way process

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2
Q

Behaviours

A

Seeking proximity
Separation anxiety
Joy on reunion
Used as a safe base

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3
Q

Learning theory - attachment

A

Babies learn to form attachment through nurture

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4
Q

Bowlbys theory of attachment

A

Monotropic theory evolutionary explanations. Infants have an innate drive to form attachments especially with mother and stay in close proximity- for survival.

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5
Q

5 monotropic theory

A

Adaptive
Social releases
Critical period
Monotropy
Internal working model

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6
Q

Adaptive

A

Learning behaviour reflects invincible social and practical needs to everyday

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7
Q

Social releases

A

Crying, smiling - attract caregivers attention - mothers biologically programmed to instinctively find these behaviours cute or distressing

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8
Q

Critical period

A

Specific time period which montropic attachment forms 30months after birth

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9
Q

Montropy

A

Initial attachment with one attachment figure main usually mother - lack of this causes social and intellectual consequences

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10
Q

Internal working model

A

Child’s montropic attachment to mother forms a schema/ blueprint for future relationships

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11
Q

+ practical applications

A

Applies to early childcare. Immediate physical contact between mother and baby for first few hours of birth is encouraged- allowing further research by Mary Ainsworth

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12
Q

+ Lorenz

A

Study in geese found geese imprinted with not him supporting biological and innate need to form an attachment within a specific time and now boy based his work on.
However these was on geese hard to generalise to humans

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13
Q

+ hazan and shavers

A

Early childhood affects adult relationship, support internal working model - born to form attachments as instinct same as adult partners- template for future

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14
Q
  • Rutter et al
A

Romanian Orphans don’t form attachment during “critical period” founder why still could form attachments

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15
Q
  • Schaffer and Emerson Bowblys theory
A

Babies attach to multiple people after primary attachment unclear whether the first attachment is more unique than others. - father role is hardly explained and shown as the “breadwinner”- reflecting 1940 values - outdated research - lacks temporal validity

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16
Q

Reciprocity

A

Mutual turn taking form of interaction both caregiver and infant contribute by responding to each others cues

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17
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Simultaneous interaction between infant and caregiver who appear to be acting matching behaviour and imitates state

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18
Q

+ meltzoff and Moore

A

Interaction synchrony - Experimenter displayed facial expressions such as sticking tongue out to 12-21 days old infant found infants had the ability to observe and reciprocate through imitation

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19
Q

+condor and sander

A

Interactional synchrony - Videotaped interaction between adults and infants focusing on movements of infant in response to adult speech found interactional synchrony

Limitation- you can’t be certain that the action of infant had particular meaning misinterpreted not valid and subjective- unscientific inferences

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20
Q

+ no demand characteristics

A

The baby won’t know they’re being filmed so won’t change behaviour reducing data to be invalid and making findings more reliable

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21
Q

Stages of attachment

A

Schaffer

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22
Q

4 stages of attachment

A

Asocial - 0-2 months
Indiscriminate attachment- 2-7 months
Specific attachment - 7-9months
Multiple attachments - 9- 2 years +

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23
Q

Asocial

A

0-6 months
Displays innate behaviour crying and smiling ensure proximity to caregiver anyone can comfort them don’t have a preference

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24
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

2-7months infants able to tell difference between familiar and unfamiliar individuals, smiling more at people they are familiar to

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25
Specific attachment
7-9 months babies form strong attachment to primary caregiver - mother often- separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop
26
Multiple attachments
9-2years + infants start to form attachments with other caregivers - grandparents father and stranger anxiety decreases
27
+ Schaffer and Emerson observation
Longitudinal observation 60 w/c babies separation anxiety occurred around 25 weeks with stranger anxiety. 18 month follow up 87% had developed multiple attachments. Strongest with mother- caregiver infant interaction. Development in stages quality of caregiver infant interaction can influence
28
Schaffer and Emerson evaluation
+ mundane realism - high validity - data collected by observer - observer bias - hard to generalise - temporal validity - only w/c mothers 1960 Glasgow
29
Role of the father research
Schaffer found 18months infant had formed attachment with father - separation anxiety
30
Active play
Father seen to engage in baby activities more consistently than mother - encouraging risk taking g behaviour
31
Primary caregiver in fathers
Men take on the role of primary caregiver there Interactional style changes to be more motherly increase capacity for sensitive responsiveness
32
+ Field
Fathers focused more on game playing than holding . Fathers showed more sensitively responsive behaviour similar to mothers
33
- Playmate role
Geiger found fathers play interaction were more exciting in comparison to mothers (more nurturing) Mother takes role of nurturing
34
- social sensitive
Doesn’t consider the role of a single father and two fathers and bowls theory suggests that mother cannot be replaced lead to fathers feeling as though they can’t provide
35
Rutter
Multiple attachments - all being as important combines to form a child’s iwm blue print
36
Dolland and millers
Learning theory cupboard love infant become attached to their caregiver because they learn that their caregiver provides food
37
Classical conditioning
Food is unconditioned stimulus producing pleasure Unconditioned response mother is presented every time the baby is fed mother associated with pleasure of being fed - change from neutral —> conditioned stimulus
38
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement - parents feeds a crying baby repeat crying behaviour for food Negative reinforcement - baby stops crying behaviour when fed
39
Secondary drive
Attachment
40
Primary drive
Attachment leads to satisfying primary drive of : Hungry
41
- Harlow
Rejects cupboard love theory showing infant monkeys because attached to clothe mother that didn’t provide milk than wired monkey that provides milk when felt threatened
42
Ainsworth
Identify behaviours indicating attachment strength
43
Behaviours categories in attachment
Proximity to mother Exploration/safe base Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Reunion on response Sensitive responsiveness
44
Insecure avoidant
Infants explore freely - not using mother as safe base Low levels of stranger anxiety + separation anxiety Mothers - low sensitive responsiveness
45
Secure
Infants use safe base Moderate level of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety shows Caregiver shows sensitive responsiveness
46
Insecure resistant
Infants clingy High stranger anxiety and separation anxiety On mothers return infant seen as having mixed emotions both crave and reject Mother inconsistent with sensitive responsiveness
47
Ainsworth procedure 1970s
Structured observation of infant and mother pairs in lab setting. Eight stages including mothers leaving the room and the stranger entering. Behaviour that indicated attachment strength were recorded
48
Ainsworth findings
Evidence for three distinct attachment types seemed to correlate with level of sensitive responsiveness shown by mother
49
Findings : secure
66%
50
Findings insecure
34% overall Avoidant - 22% Resistant - 12%
51
Ainsworth results
Secure attachment develop due to attention of a consistently sensitively responsive mother
52
Stages 1-3
Mother,infant, observer - observe introduce mother and infant to experimental room Observer leaves Mother and infant - mother passive while infant explore Stranger comes back Stranger mother and infant - stranger enters first silent then talking with mother
53
Stages 4-6
Mother leaves Stranger infant - first separation from mother - separation anxiety - stranger anxiety Mother comes back stranger leaves Mother infant - first reunion - reunion response mother greets infant engage Mother leaves says good bye Infant alone - second separation episode - separation anxiety
54
Stage 7-8
Stranger returns Stranger infant - stranger enters gears towards infant - stranger anxiety Stranger leaves mother enters Mother, infant - second reunion mother greets and picks up infant stranger leaves quietly
55
How was behaviours recorded in strange situation
Recorded every 15 seconds categories of behaviour displayed was record scored from 1-7
56
+ high control on variables
Lab experiment clear behavioural categories Standardisation - precise replication -reliable
57
Low ecological validity
Observation was not in familiar environment like family home. Mothers knows her baheviour is monitored so many show sensitive responsiveness due to demand characteristic Infant show more distress from environment unfamiliar not separation from mother
58
+/- Cultural bias
American sample hard to generalise to other cultures. Malian Australian children Standardisation/ clear behavioural categories show repeatable - reliable - different cultures - van ljzendoorn
59
Malin
Australian children showed insecure attachment but was due to their upbringing - different child rearing practices
60
Haven and shaver evaluation
- correctional study between adults and children attachment type secure - loving relationships insecure - lonely - volunteer - shared characteristics hard to generalise
61
Van ljzendoorn - procedure
Meta analysis 32 studies from 8 countries classified the attachment type of the infant and mother based on strange situation
62
Findings secure
Most common type in all countries
63
Finding - insecure resistant
Least common Japan 27% Collectivist cultures mothers spend significant time with infant explain extreme resistant Label as wanting to seek proximity being negative cause they are not used to it
64
Insecure avoidant - van ljzendoorn
Gross man - Germany 35% Individualistic western culture Families encourage independents - “avoidant “
65
Limitation of meltzoff and Moore
Limitation- you can’t be certain that the action of infant had particular meaning misinterpreted not valid and subjective- unscientific inferences
66
Tronkic et al
Studied tribe in are child rearing patterns were different to western countries. Mother close with all babies sharing breastfed however sleep with mothers in their bed support monotropic Bowblys
67
Tronkic er al findings
Breastfed by multiple people still showed signs of wanting primary caregiver support monotropic innate need for primary caregiver - showing there isn’t cultural variation it’s universal
68
Overgeneralised
Child rearing practices in countries have its own subcultures which have differences compared to between countries . Ainsworth based upon western cultures ethnocentric labelling as negative attachments may not be suitable for certain countries
69
Reciprocity +
Feldman 3 month old reciprocity increases in frequency infant and caregiver pay attention to each others verbal and facial cues

psychology (25 decks)

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