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psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional tie between two people usually mother and child. Relationship is reciprocated 2 way process

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2
Q

Behaviours

A

Seeking proximity
Separation anxiety
Joy on reunion
Used as a safe base

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3
Q

Learning theory - attachment

A

Babies learn to form attachment through nurture

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4
Q

Bowlbys theory of attachment

A

Monotropic theory evolutionary explanations. Infants have an innate drive to form attachments especially with mother and stay in close proximity- for survival.

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5
Q

5 monotropic theory

A

Adaptive
Social releases
Critical period
Monotropy
Internal working model

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6
Q

Adaptive

A

Learning behaviour reflects invincible social and practical needs to everyday

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7
Q

Social releases

A

Crying, smiling - attract caregivers attention - mothers biologically programmed to instinctively find these behaviours cute or distressing

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8
Q

Critical period

A

Specific time period which montropic attachment forms 30months after birth

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9
Q

Montropy

A

Initial attachment with one attachment figure main usually mother - lack of this causes social and intellectual consequences

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10
Q

Internal working model

A

Child’s montropic attachment to mother forms a schema/ blueprint for future relationships

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11
Q

+ practical applications

A

Applies to early childcare. Immediate physical contact between mother and baby for first few hours of birth is encouraged- allowing further research by Mary Ainsworth

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12
Q

+ Lorenz

A

Study in geese found geese imprinted with not him supporting biological and innate need to form an attachment within a specific time and now boy based his work on.
However these was on geese hard to generalise to humans

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13
Q

+ hazan and shavers

A

Early childhood affects adult relationship, support internal working model - born to form attachments as instinct same as adult partners- template for future

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14
Q
  • Rutter et al
A

Romanian Orphans don’t form attachment during “critical period” founder why still could form attachments

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15
Q
  • Schaffer and Emerson Bowblys theory
A

Babies attach to multiple people after primary attachment unclear whether the first attachment is more unique than others. - father role is hardly explained and shown as the “breadwinner”- reflecting 1940 values - outdated research - lacks temporal validity

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16
Q

Reciprocity

A

Mutual turn taking form of interaction both caregiver and infant contribute by responding to each others cues

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17
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Simultaneous interaction between infant and caregiver who appear to be acting matching behaviour and imitates state

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18
Q

+ meltzoff and Moore

A

Interaction synchrony - Experimenter displayed facial expressions such as sticking tongue out to 12-21 days old infant found infants had the ability to observe and reciprocate through imitation

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19
Q

+condor and sander

A

Interactional synchrony - Videotaped interaction between adults and infants focusing on movements of infant in response to adult speech found interactional synchrony

Limitation- you can’t be certain that the action of infant had particular meaning misinterpreted not valid and subjective- unscientific inferences

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20
Q

+ no demand characteristics

A

The baby won’t know they’re being filmed so won’t change behaviour reducing data to be invalid and making findings more reliable

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21
Q

Stages of attachment

A

Schaffer

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22
Q

4 stages of attachment

A

Asocial - 0-2 months
Indiscriminate attachment- 2-7 months
Specific attachment - 7-9months
Multiple attachments - 9- 2 years +

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23
Q

Asocial

A

0-6 months
Displays innate behaviour crying and smiling ensure proximity to caregiver anyone can comfort them don’t have a preference

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24
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

2-7months infants able to tell difference between familiar and unfamiliar individuals, smiling more at people they are familiar to

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25
Q

Specific attachment

A

7-9 months babies form strong attachment to primary caregiver - mother often- separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop

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26
Q

Multiple attachments

A

9-2years + infants start to form attachments with other caregivers - grandparents father and stranger anxiety decreases

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27
Q

+ Schaffer and Emerson observation

A

Longitudinal observation
60 w/c babies
separation anxiety occurred around 25 weeks with stranger anxiety.

18 month follow up 87% had developed multiple attachments.

Strongest with mother- caregiver infant interaction.

Development in stages quality of caregiver infant interaction can influence

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28
Q

Schaffer and Emerson evaluation

A

+ mundane realism - high validity
- data collected by observer - observer bias
- hard to generalise - temporal validity - only w/c mothers 1960 Glasgow

29
Q

Role of the father research

A

Schaffer found 18months infant had formed attachment with father - separation anxiety

30
Q

Active play

A

Father seen to engage in baby activities more consistently than mother - encouraging risk taking g behaviour

31
Q

Primary caregiver in fathers

A

Men take on the role of primary caregiver there Interactional style changes to be more motherly increase capacity for sensitive responsiveness

32
Q

+ Field

A

Fathers focused more on game playing than holding . Fathers showed more sensitively responsive behaviour similar to mothers

33
Q
  • Playmate role
A

Geiger found fathers play interaction were more exciting in comparison to mothers (more nurturing)
Mother takes role of nurturing

34
Q
  • social sensitive
A

Doesn’t consider the role of a single father and two fathers and bowls theory suggests that mother cannot be replaced lead to fathers feeling as though they can’t provide

35
Q

Rutter

A

Multiple attachments - all being as important combines to form a child’s iwm blue print

36
Q

Dolland and millers

A

Learning theory cupboard love infant become attached to their caregiver because they learn that their caregiver provides food

37
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Food is unconditioned stimulus producing pleasure

Unconditioned response mother is presented every time the baby is fed mother associated with pleasure of being fed - change from neutral —> conditioned stimulus

38
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Positive reinforcement - parents feeds a crying baby repeat crying behaviour for food

Negative reinforcement - baby stops crying behaviour when fed

39
Q

Secondary drive

A

Attachment

40
Q

Primary drive

A

Attachment leads to satisfying primary drive of : Hungry

41
Q
  • Harlow
A

Rejects cupboard love theory showing infant monkeys because attached to clothe mother that didn’t provide milk than wired monkey that provides milk when felt threatened

42
Q

Ainsworth

A

Identify behaviours indicating attachment strength

43
Q

Behaviours categories in attachment

A

Proximity to mother
Exploration/safe base
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Reunion on response
Sensitive responsiveness

44
Q

Insecure avoidant

A

Infants explore freely - not using mother as safe base

Low levels of stranger anxiety + separation anxiety

Mothers - low sensitive responsiveness

45
Q

Secure

A

Infants use safe base

Moderate level of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety shows

Caregiver shows sensitive responsiveness

46
Q

Insecure resistant

A

Infants clingy
High stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
On mothers return infant seen as having mixed emotions both crave and reject

Mother inconsistent with sensitive responsiveness

47
Q

Ainsworth procedure 1970s

A

Structured observation of infant and mother pairs in lab setting. Eight stages including mothers leaving the room and the stranger entering. Behaviour that indicated attachment strength were recorded

48
Q

Ainsworth findings

A

Evidence for three distinct attachment types seemed to correlate with level of sensitive responsiveness shown by mother

49
Q

Findings : secure

A

66%

50
Q

Findings insecure

A

34% overall

Avoidant - 22%
Resistant - 12%

51
Q

Ainsworth results

A

Secure attachment develop due to attention of a consistently sensitively responsive mother

52
Q

Stages 1-3

A

Mother,infant, observer - observe introduce mother and infant to experimental room

Observer leaves

Mother and infant - mother passive while infant explore

Stranger comes back

Stranger mother and infant - stranger enters first silent then talking with mother

53
Q

Stages 4-6

A

Mother leaves

Stranger infant - first separation from mother - separation anxiety - stranger anxiety

Mother comes back stranger leaves

Mother infant - first reunion - reunion response mother greets infant engage

Mother leaves says good bye

Infant alone - second separation episode - separation anxiety

54
Q

Stage 7-8

A

Stranger returns
Stranger infant - stranger enters gears towards infant - stranger anxiety

Stranger leaves mother enters

Mother, infant - second reunion mother greets and picks up infant stranger leaves quietly

55
Q

How was behaviours recorded in strange situation

A

Recorded every 15 seconds categories of behaviour displayed was record scored from 1-7

56
Q

+ high control on variables

A

Lab experiment clear behavioural categories
Standardisation - precise replication -reliable

57
Q

Low ecological validity

A

Observation was not in familiar environment like family home. Mothers knows her baheviour is monitored so many show sensitive responsiveness due to demand characteristic

Infant show more distress from environment unfamiliar not separation from mother

58
Q

+/- Cultural bias

A

American sample hard to generalise to other cultures. Malian Australian children

Standardisation/ clear behavioural categories show repeatable - reliable - different cultures - van ljzendoorn

59
Q

Malin

A

Australian children showed insecure attachment but was due to their upbringing - different child rearing practices

60
Q

Haven and shaver evaluation

A
  • correctional study between adults and children attachment type secure - loving relationships insecure - lonely
  • volunteer - shared characteristics hard to generalise
61
Q

Van ljzendoorn - procedure

A

Meta analysis 32 studies from 8 countries classified the attachment type of the infant and mother based on strange situation

62
Q

Findings secure

A

Most common type in all countries

63
Q

Finding - insecure resistant

A

Least common Japan 27%
Collectivist cultures mothers spend significant time with infant explain extreme resistant
Label as wanting to seek proximity being negative cause they are not used to it

64
Q

Insecure avoidant - van ljzendoorn

A

Gross man - Germany 35%
Individualistic western culture
Families encourage independents - “avoidant “

65
Q

Limitation of meltzoff and Moore

A

Limitation- you can’t be certain that the action of infant had particular meaning misinterpreted not valid and subjective- unscientific inferences

66
Q

Tronkic et al

A

Studied tribe in are child rearing patterns were different to western countries. Mother close with all babies sharing breastfed however sleep with mothers in their bed support monotropic Bowblys

67
Q

Tronkic er al findings

A

Breastfed by multiple people still showed signs of wanting primary caregiver support monotropic innate need for primary caregiver - showing there isn’t cultural variation it’s universal

68
Q

Overgeneralised

A

Child rearing practices in countries have its own subcultures which have differences compared to between countries .
Ainsworth based upon western cultures ethnocentric labelling as negative attachments may not be suitable for certain countries

69
Q

Reciprocity +

A

Feldman 3 month old reciprocity increases in frequency infant and caregiver pay attention to each others verbal and facial cues

psychology (25 decks)

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