Psychopathology

Question 1

Schizophreniform disorder

Answer 1

Symptoms of schizophrenia that last less than 6 months

Question 1

Brain anatomy studies of autism-spectrum disorders have consistently found

Answer 1

Increased brain volume, increased level of serotonin plasma, delayed maturation of the frontal lobes, enlargement of lateral ventricles, cerebellar abnormalities

Question 2

Most effective treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 2

Family therapy + meds

Question 3

Executive functioning deficits in autism spectrum disorders

Answer 3

Deficits in mental flexibility & planning, switching & strategy use, but no inhibition

Question 3

Attention functioning in autism-spectrum disorders

Answer 3

Able to sustain attention, but may require environmental supports of self-selected activity or strong incentives Display delayed orienting of attention Inconsistent findings in ability to shift attention

Question 4

What are the 4 neurofunctional impairments of autism proposed by Waterhouse et al.?

Answer 4

1. Canalesthesia - fragmented processing of incoming information from the different sensory modalities 2. Impaired affective assignment 3. Asociality 4. Extended selective attention

Question 5

Following Crow’s schema (1980), name the symptoms, NP profile, prognosis in Type I schizophrenia

Answer 5

Positive symptoms predominate; essentially normal brain structure; most are fairly intact neurocognitively, relatively good response to treatment

Question 6

Good prognostic indicators for schizophrenia

Answer 6

Availability of social support, good premorbid adjustment, acute onset, LOS, female, precipitation events, mood disturbances to, good inter-episode functioning, minimal residual symptoms, normal neurological functioning, family hx of mood disorders, no family hx of schizophrenia

Question 6

Memory functioning in autism-spectrum disorders

Answer 6

Verbal memory tends to be poor, visuospatial memory tends to be intact with the exception of faces & social scenes Source memory is impaired, but may be dependent on type of context info that is to be remembered Working memory findings are mixed Episodic memory is impaired, but may be motivationally dependent

Question 6

Suggested etiologies of ADHD

Answer 6

Food allergies, high lead levels, ETOH/nicotine prenatal exposure, prefrontal cortex, genetics

Question 7

Somatization disorder

Answer 7

4 pain symptoms, 2 GI, 1 sex, 1 neuro; vague complaints; onset prior to age 30; often see anxiety, depression, suicide

Question 7

Side effects of CNS stimulants

Answer 7

Insomnia, decreased appetite, stomachaches Motor/vocal tics (30-70%) or unmasks TS OC symptoms Growth suppression

Question 9

Diagnostic criteria for manic episode

Answer 9

Elevated, expansive, irritable mood last at least one week 3+: inflated self-esteem/grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative or pressured speech, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, sig. stress or impairment

Question 10

Brief psychotic disorder

Answer 10

Symptoms don’t last longer than 1 month

Question 12

Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia

Answer 12

2+ characteristic symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms Persist for at least 6 mos Social/occupational dysfx

Question 13

One theory posits that the underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive stimulation of what type of synapses?

Answer 13

Dopamine

Question 14

Capgrass syndrome

Answer 14

Delusional belief that a person has been replaced by an imposter Associated with nondominant parietal lobe lesions

Question 15

Fregoli syndrome

Answer 15

Belief that the same person know to the pt is able to disguise or change him/herself into other people that the pt meets Seen in schizophrenia & damage to R frontal or L temporoparietal areas

Question 16

Structural abnormalities in OCD

Answer 16

Orbital frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, cingulate gyrus

Question 17

Which is considered more significant prognostically in schizophrenia: loosening of associations or circumstantiality?

Answer 17

Loosening of associations

Question 18

Reduplicative paramnesia

Answer 18

Believe that the place or location has been duplicated Assoc. w/ bifrontal lesions, often w/ more diffuse RH damage

Question 19

4 principle components of emotion

Answer 19

Physiology - CNS & ANS activity & resulting changes in neurohormonal & visceral activity Distinctive motor behavior - facial expression, tone of voice, posture Self-reported cognition - cognitive processes inferred from self-reported rankings Unconscious behavior - cognitive processes that influence bx of which we are not aware

Question 21

Conversion disorder

Answer 21

1+ symptoms of motor/sensory dysfx without any underlying organic pathology

Question 23

NP functioning in bipolar disorder

Answer 23

Abnormalities in attention seen in symptomatic pts & persist in remission in measures of sustained attention & inhibitory control Verbal memory may be impaired even in euthymic pts, visual memory deficits are variable Exec fx impaired in symptomatic pts, may be normal in fully-recovered pts

Question 25

Rett’s disorder

Answer 25

-Developmental regression seen by age 4 -Life-long communicative & bx problems -Decelerated head growth, loss of hand skills (replaced by stereotypical hand movements), unccordinated gait/trunk, severe lang impairment, psychomotor retardation -Reported only in females

Question 26

Biological model of bipolar disorder

Answer 26

Structural brain abnormalities, genetic factors, high NE, low serotonin, improper transportation of sodium & potassium ions b/t the outside & inside of neuron’s membrane

Question 27

Barkley’s 3-tiered model of ADHD

Answer 27

1) behavioral inhibition 2) working memory, internalization of speech, regulation of arousal & emotions, reconsitution 3) Motor control, organization, & flexibility

Question 28

Rehm’s model of depression

Answer 28

Deficits in self-centered behavior Selective attention to negative events in environment, selective attention to immediate not long-range outcomes of bx, stringent standards for self-evaluation, insufficient self-reinforcement, excessive self-punishment

Question 29

Medical causes of catatonic disorder include

Answer 29

TBI, cerebrovascular disease, encephalitis, metabolic conditions

Question 30

Following Crow’s schema (1980), name the symptoms, NP profile, prognosis in Type II schizophrenia

Answer 30

Negative symptoms predominate, structure brain abnormalities, impaired cognitive functions, poor treatment response

Question 31

Personality change due to general medical condition

Answer 31

Labile type, disinhibited type, aggressive type, apathetic type, paranoid type, unspecified

Question 32

Abnormal brain structures in patients with schizophrenia

Answer 32

Smaller frontal lobes, smaller temporal lobes, abnormalities in limbic system & BG, enlarged ventricles, smaller amounts of cortical gray matter, abnormal blood flow in certain areas (esp. frontal lobes)

Question 33

Wolpe’s classical conditioning model of depression

Answer 33

Low rate of response contingent reinforcement results in neurotic depression

Question 34

Functional imaging studies of autism spectrum disorders have shown

Answer 34

Hypoactivity in amygdala in processing of social stimuli, of facial processing area of fusiform gyrus, medial & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Activiation of language areas, but less coordinated in their activity

Question 35

Neuropsychological functioning in autism

Answer 35

Poor verbal abilities, abstraction, receptive language worse than expressive

Question 36

NP functioning in schizophrenia

Answer 36

Poor frontal lobe functioning, memory deficits, slower reaction time; cognitive deficits may pre-date onset of obvious symptoms & diagnosis of illness

Question 37

Origins of organically-based mood symptoms

Answer 37

Substances (e.g., PCP, hallucinogens), endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism), carcinoma of pancreas, viral illnesses, structural disease of brain