Auditory system & chemical senses

Question 1

5 qualities of taste

Answer 1

Bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness, umami (savory)

Question 2

Otosclerosis

Answer 2

Autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by fusion of the stapes to oval window causing difficulty of movement followed by eventual cessation of ear ossicle movement (most common adult cause of hearing loss)

Question 2

Olfactory tract axons project directly to

Answer 2

Piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

Question 3

Which part of the cochlea analyzes the quality of sounds?

Answer 3

Dorsal

Question 4

Which part of the cochlea encodes intensity info?

Answer 4

Ventral

Question 5

Destruction of the cochlea, cochlea nerve, or cochlea nuclei results in

Answer 5

Complete ipsilateral deafness

Question 5

Gustatory pathway

Answer 5

CNs 7, 9, 10 => nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla => ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus => primary gustatory cortex in anterior insula-frontal operculum => secondary gustatory cortex in orbitofrontal cortex

Question 5

Anosmia

Answer 5

Loss or reduction of sense of smell, can be from problems at nasal, neuroepithelial, or central level

Question 6

What 3 cranial nerves are involved in gustation?

Answer 6

7, 9, 10

Question 7

Damage to the lateral lemniscus results in

Answer 7

Bilateral partial deafness, greatest in the contralateral ear

Question 8

Organ of Corti

Answer 8

Auditory transductor, which consists of cells that bend in response to sound waves

Question 9

Auditory sharpening

Answer 9

Processes whereby relay nuclei in the auditory pathways differentialy inhibit impulses concerned with certain frequencies thereby enhancing the frequencies of other sounds

Question 10

Parcusis

Answer 10

Sound heard previously is heard repeatedly

Question 10

Central auditory pathways are unlike any other ascending pathways due to what 2 factors

Answer 10

1) presence of accessory nuclei that modulate input 2) B representation of auditory impulses on each side

Question 12

Release phenomenon

Answer 12

Elaborate auditory hallucination assoc. w/ sensorineural deafness or lesion of the pontine tegmentum

Question 13

Dysosmia or parosmia

Answer 13

Distortions or illusions of smell

Question 15

2-phase process of sound localization

Answer 15

1) convergence & comparison of auditory input from 2 ears 2) distribution of analysis to appropriate side of system

Question 16

Olfactory hallucinations are most often due to seizures in the

Answer 16

Temporal lobe (uncinate fits)

Question 18

Lesions of the auditory unimodal association areas result in

Answer 18

Auditory perceptual impairments, including cortical deafness, pure word deafness, auditory agnosia for sounds, phonagnosia

Question 19

Auditory pathway

Answer 19

Cochlear nerve => dorsal (direct to lateral lemniscus) & ventral cochlea nucleus in medulla => B to superior olivary nucleus & trapezoid body => lateral lemniscus => inferior colliculus => MGN => Heschl’s gyrus

Question 21

What structures are essential to sound localization?

Answer 21

Trapezoid body & superior olivary nucleus

Question 22

Presbyacusis

Answer 22

Progressive loss of hearing with age

Question 23

Self-audible bruits

Answer 23

Pulsating “whooshing” sounds associated with turbulent flow in AVM, carotid dissection, elevated ICP

Question 24

The Primary Auditory Cortex is organized tonotopically, so that low frequencies are represented more

Answer 24

Anteriorly

Question 25

Musical hallucinations are often caused by seizures in the

Answer 25

Right hemisphere