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ABPP > Basic neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Basic neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 44, 45

A

Broca’s area

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2
Q

What are Mesulam’s 5 large-scale networks?

A
  1. Spatial Attention (RH) 2. Language (LH) 3. Memory-emotion (limbic) 4. Exec fx-comportment (prefrontal) 5. Face-and-object ID (ventral occipitotemporal)
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3
Q

The CNS arises from which germ cell layer?

A

Ectoderm, which folds over the form the neural tube

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3
Q

The spinomesencephalic is involved in

A

Pain modulation

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3
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 17

A

Primary visual cortex

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4
Q

The spinoreticular tract provides info on

A

Emotional & arousal aspects of pain

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4
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 41

A

Primary auditory cortex

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5
Q

MCA inferior division supplies

A

Cortex below Sylvian fissure including lateral temporal lobe & variable portion of parietal

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6
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is involved in the visual pathway?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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6
Q

What information is carried by the anterolateral system?

A

Pain/nociception & temperature

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6
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 38, 39

A

Parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

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7
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is involved in the auditory pathway?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

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7
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 4

A

Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus

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7
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 8

A

Frontal eye fields

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7
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 9, 10, 11, 12

A

Prefrontal association areas

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10
Q

Which layer of neocortex receives inputs from the thalamus?

A

IV - Granular/internal granular layer

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10
Q

Which layer of neocortex sends outputs to subcortical structures other than the thalamus?

A

V - Large pyramidal/internal pyramidal layer

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11
Q

Dorsal vs. ventral nerve roots

A

Dorsal = afferent sensory signals, Ventral = efferent motor signals

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12
Q

Which layer of neocortex sends outputs to the thalamus?

A

VI - Polymorphic/multiform layer

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13
Q

What information is carried by the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway?

A

Proprioception, fine/discriminative touch, vibration, join position sense

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14
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives somatosensory input from the body?

A

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)

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15
Q

When below the midbrain, what directions do the following terms refer to? a) rostral b) caudal c) dorsal d) ventral

A

a) superior b) inferior c) posterior d) anterior

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16
Q

Main branches of the internal carotid arteries

A

Ophthalmic, PComm, anterior choroidal, ACA, MCA

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16
Q

Which intracranial arteries are particularly prone to narrowing in HTN?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries

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17
Q

Which layers of neocortex contain mostly cortical-cortical connections?

A

II - Small pyramidal/external granular layer III - Medium pyramidal/external pyramidal layer

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18
Q

Signs of UMN lesions

A

Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, + Babinski, spastic paralysis

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19
Q

Major branches of the anterior cerebral artery

A

Pericallosal, callosomarginal, recurrent artery of Heubner

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20
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Hemisection of the spinal cord; results in CL loss of pain & temp below lesion, IL loss of discriminative touch & vibration below lesion, & IL motor paralysis below lesion

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21
Q

MCA superior division supplies

A

Cortex above the Sylvian fissure including lateral frontal lobe & peri-Rolandic cortex

22
Q

What structures make up the mesencephalon?

A

Cerebral peduncles/red nucleus, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

22
Q

The spinomesencephalic tract projects to what structures?

A

Midbrain periaqueductal gray matter & superior colliculi

23
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is involved in explicit memory?

A

Anterior nucleus

24
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives somatosensory input from the face/cranial nerves?

A

Ventral posteriomedial nucleus (VPM)

25
Q

The sympathetic nervous system arises from what spinal cord levels?

A

T1-L2

25
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 5, 7

A

Posterior parietal association areas

26
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Region at the base of the frontal lobes that provides the major cholinergic innervation to the neocortex & medial temporal lobes; includes nucleus basalis of Meynert, diagonal band of Broca, septal nuclei

27
Q

Branches of the posterior cerebral artery

A

Thalamoperforator, thalamogeniculate, posterior choroidal

28
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release onto end organs?

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 42

A

Secondary auditory cortex

31
Q

What percentage of the population have a complete Circle of Willis?

A

25%

32
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi are involved in

A

Superior - visual attention, inferior - auditory attention

33
Q

Where does the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway decussate?

A

Medulla

34
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 18

A

Secondary visual cortex

35
Q

The internal carotid arteries arise from

A

Common carotids

36
Q

The vertebral arteries arise from

A

Subclavian arteries

38
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system arises from what spinal cord levels?

A

S2 to S4 & CNs

39
Q

Signs of LMN lesions

A

Atrophy, fasciculations, hyporeflexia, hypotonia

41
Q

What are the 2 sections of the rhombencephalon?

A
  1. Metecephalon (pons & cerebellum) 2. Myelencephalon (medulla)
42
Q

Situs inversus

A

Complete reversal of cerebral laterality & specialization in which the left hemisphere is dominant for visuospatial processing & the right hemisphere is dominant for language

43
Q

Archicortex

A

Allocortex; 3-layered hippocampal cortex & dentate gyrus; oldest region of cortex

46
Q

Which thalamic nuclei serve as relay loops for basal ganglia & cerebellar inputs to the cortex?

A

Ventral anterior (VA) & lateral (VL) nuclei

47
Q

When above the midbrain, what directions do the following terms refer to? a) rostral b) caudal c) dorsal d) ventral

A

a) anterior b) posterior c) superior d) inferior

50
Q

What are the 3 sections of the developing brain?

A
  1. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
51
Q

Paleocortex

A

Allocortex; olfactory cortex

52
Q

Where does the anterolateral system decussate?

A

Spinal cord

53
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 22

A

Wernicke’s area

54
Q

Transection of the spinal cord leads to

A

Complete loss of sensation & motor function below the lesion

56
Q

Which layer of neocortex contains mostly dendrites & axons from other layers?

A

I - Molecular layer

57
Q

What percentage of left handed individuals are L-hemisphere dominant for language?

A

60%; 20% are mixed

58
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release onto end organs?

A

Norepinephrine

60
Q

What cognitive functions are associated with the insula?

A

Previously acquired memories, non-automatic word processing, taste

61
Q

Main branches of the basilar artery

A

PCA, SCA, AICA, PICA

62
Q

Heschl’s gyrus is larger on which side of the brain?

A

R

63
Q

What are the 2 sections of the prosencephalon?

A
  1. Telencephalon (hemispheres) 2. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
64
Q

What are the divisions of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum, genu, body, splenium

65
Q

Decorticate vs. decrebrate

A

Decorticate = lesion is higher, flexed arms point up toward cortex Decerebrate = lesion is lower, extended arms point down

66
Q

Membrane that separates the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles from the CC to the fornix

A

Septum pellucidum

68
Q

Prefrontal, post parietal, lateral temporal, portion of hippocampal cortices are all considered

A

Neocortex

69
Q

Brodmann’s areas: 1, 2, 3

A

Primary somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus

70
Q

What artery gives rise to the lenticulostriate arteries?

A

MCA

71
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is part of a major limbic-frontal relay pathway?

A

Mediodorsal nucleus (MD)

ABPP (34 decks)

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