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ABPP > Cellular organization & neurochemistry > Flashcards

Cellular organization & neurochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Dilated pupils, elevated pulse & BP, dry skin & hyperthermia, delirium are all symptoms associated with an overload of which type of medication?

A

Anticholinergics

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2
Q

Antipsychotic drugs block DA transmission in which dopaminergic tract?

A

Mesolimbic

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3
Q

Atrophy of the distal part of neurons after being severed from the proximal part

A

Wallerian degeneration

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4
Q

Cell bodies of seratonergic neurons are found in & around the

A

Raphe nuclei

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4
Q

Catecholamines

A

DA, NE, and epinephrine

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5
Q

Depletion of norepinephrine results in

A

Decreased sympathetic activity (orthostatic hypotension, sleep disturbances, depression)

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5
Q

Cell death through inflammatory response

A

Necrosis

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6
Q

Dopamine producing cells are located in the

A

Midbrain (substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmentum)

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7
Q

Dysfunction of GABA is implicated in which conditions?

A

Huntington’s (lack of inhibition of BG), tetanus & strychnine poisoning (impair presynaptic GABA release), stiff-person syndrome

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8
Q

Describe the structure of neuronal membranes

A

Phospholipid membrane bilayer with “head” that contains phosphorus (polar & hydrophilic) & two “tails” that are lipid molecules (nonpolar & hydrophobic)

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8
Q

Enhanced GABA activity produces what kind of effects?

A

sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant

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9
Q

Excess norepinephrine results in

A

Increased sympathetic activity (e.g., tremor, bronchodilation)

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9
Q

Endorphins

A

Peptide hormones synthesized in the brain that bind to opiate receptors; reduce the sensation of pain & affect emotions

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10
Q

Four nucleotide bases

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter opens Cl- channels & closes CA++ channels, hyperpolarizing cells?

A

GABA

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12
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

Cell death by calcium flooding; occurs when concentrations of excitatory amino acids (glutamate) exceed the ability of uptake mechanisms to remove them (e.g., HD, epilepsy, stroke, hypoxia, TBI)

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in regulation of mood, memory, hormones, blood flow, new learning, attention switching, & motor behavior?

A

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Glutamate is implicated in

A

Plasticity, learning, & memory

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15
Q

Groups of ribosomes used for protein synthesis

A

Nissl bodies

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16
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, temp, sex, aggression, arousal, & pain?

A

Serotonin

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16
Q

Histamine is concentrated in the

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

How are the catecholamines synthesized?

A

L-Tyrosine => L-Dopa => dopamine => norephinephrine => epinephrine

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18
Q

How is serotonin involved in sleep?

A

Activity of serotonin-producing cells reaches highest level during arousal, drops to quiescent levels during slow-wave sleep, & disappears during REM sleep

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19
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

Formed by combo of acetyle CoA + choline, in presence of enzyme choline acetyltransferase, action is terminated by cholinesterase

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20
Q

Low serotonin is associated with

A

Depression, anxiety, OCD, PD, AD

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21
Q

Solvents that readily permeate the nervous system & damage lipid-rich myelin, causing neuropathy & encephalopathy, are called

A

Lipophilic

22
Q

Membrane potential is the property of what 2 opposing forces?

A
  1. Force of diffusion - molecules distribute themselves equally throughout the medium in which they’re dissolved 2. Force of electrostatic pressure - particles with the same kind of charge repel; different charges attract
23
Q

Membrane-bound structures important in packaging peptides & proteins (including NTs) into vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

26
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Ventral tegmental area => amygdala/limbic system

27
Q

Which type of glial cells undergo rapid proliferation in response to tissue destruction, act as scavengers & metabolize tissue debris?

A

Microglia

28
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Substantia nigra => D2 receptors of striatum Decreased DA here = rigidity, tremor, akinesia Excess => dyskinesia

29
Q

Pathway of norepinephrine

A

Locus ceruleus (pons) & lateral tegmentum => cerebral cortex, limbic system, RAS, spinal cord

30
Q

Physiological roles of endorphins

A

Pain perception, stress, respiratory regulation, temp control, tolerance development (opioids)

32
Q

Relatively refractory period

A

State in which axon membrane is hyperpolarized, and a new action potential can be induced by only if the intensity of the stimulus is higher than that which initiated the 1st action potential

33
Q

Removal of dead cells by mitochondria, microglia, & astrocytes

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

Programmed gene-directed cell death

A

Apoptosis

35
Q

Serotonin is increased by what drugs?

A

SSRIs, tricyclics, MDMA (ecstacy), LSD

36
Q

Scarring associated with hyperplasia glial overgrowth/replacement of cell bodies by glial cells

A

Gliosis/sclerosis

37
Q

Spatial summation

A

Impulses in 2 excitatory fibers cause 2 synaptic depolarizations at about the same time that together reach firing threshold; they sum over space to fire a target neuron

38
Q

System of transport for materials within a neuron, may be used for structural support

A

Microfilaments/neurotubules

39
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Continuously pushes Na+ out of the cell, exchanges 3 Na+ for every 2 K+

39
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from

A

Tryptophan

40
Q

Temporal summation

A

Occurs when a burst of action potentials reaches a nerve fiber terminal; the serious of impulses in one excitatory fiber can sum over time to fire a target neuron, even thought each individual EPSP wouldn’t do it

41
Q

System of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

Take up glucose & break it down for energy

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

What are some of the known functions of glutamate NMDA receptors?

A

Memory, migration of embryonic neurons, excitotoxic neuron death

44
Q

What happens during an action potential?

A

Once the threshold of excitation is reached, Na+ gates open, allowing Na+ into the cell & depolarizing it. K+ gates are then opened, allowing K+ out of the cell and repolarizing it.

45
Q

What are the main functions of astrocytes?

A

1) Provide support to BBB 2) Maintain local ionic & pH balance between neurons 3) Deliver energy to neurons 4) Regulate & coordinate neuronal firing

46
Q

What is acetylcholine’s role in the CNS?

A

Influences alertness, attention, & memory Decreased acetylcholine fx in AD

48
Q

What is the average resting membrane potential of neurons?

A

~ -70mV

49
Q

What is the only low-molecular-weight amine transmitter substance that is not an amino acid or derived directly from one?

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

What is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

53
Q

What is the principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

54
Q

What is the only transmitter to be synthesized in vesicles?

A

Norepinephrine

55
Q

When a neuron is at resting potential, what ions are primarily in the intracellular fluid?

A

K+

56
Q

When a neuron is at resting potential, what ions are primarily in the extracellular fluid?

A

Cl- and Na+

57
Q

Which glial cells form myelin in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes PNS - Schwann cells

58
Q

Where are endorphins found in the brain?

A

Primarily in the pituitary, lesser amounts also present in the hypothalamus & other regions of the brain involved in pain perception

59
Q

Which glial cells swell in response to brain injury?

A

Astrocytes

60
Q

Which neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

61
Q

Which toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine?

A

Botulism toxin

62
Q

Cluster of neurons in the dorsal pons situated on the floor of the 4th ventricle that contains over 1/2 of the norepinephrine neurons in the CNS; neurons are activated during states of heightened vigilance & may be more involved in affective disorders

A

Locus ceruleus

63
Q

Which glial cells line the brain ventricles & central canal of the spinal cord, assisting with the secretion/circulation of CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

64
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway is implicated in the negative symptoms of psychosis?

A

Mesocortical

ABPP (34 decks)

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