Psychology Unit 4 Test study guide

Question 1

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)

Answer 1

Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 2

Examples of what would go into each category of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Answer 2

Self-actualization- acceptance of facts, creativity, morality, gratefulness, humility, purpose, lack of prejudice
Esteem- status, dignity, achievement, respect from others, strong reputation, self-confidence, independence
Love and belonging- intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love, family, friendships, affiliating, being part of a group
Safety- stability, personal security, well-being, employment, law, freedom from fear, financial security, shelter, health, clothing, protection from the elements
Physiological- air, sleep, warmth, food, water, reproduction, homeostasis

Question 3

Define the concept of emotions

Answer 3

Subjective feelings elicited by stimuli that have high significance to an individual

Question 4

List the basic emotions that everyone feels

Answer 4

Fear, surprise, anger, happiness, disgust, and sadness

Question 5

What is homeostasis in emotions

Answer 5

Balance or consistent internal state of emotions

Question 6

What is a stressor

Answer 6

An event or sudden change in a person’s life that affects their thoughts and behavior

Question 7

Examples of stressors

Answer 7

Moving, divorce of parents, and health issues

Question 8

What is the difference between distress and eustress

Answer 8

Distress- bad stress
Eustress- good stress

Question 9

What is a catastrophic event in someone’s life

Answer 9

A sudden unexpected potentially life-threatening experiences or traumas

Question 10

Define chronic stress and create an example

Answer 10

A prolonged feeling of stress that can affect a person’s daily life
Example: living by an airport

Question 11

Describe the different physical responses to stress

Answer 11

Alarm Stage- the immediate reaction; some version of flight or fight (sweating, breathing heavier)
Resistance Stage- the stressor continues and the body is trying to get out of the situation (irritation, frustration, poor concentration)
Exhaustion Stage- the body releases adrenaline and cortisol in large amounts (if they remain they can cause damage to the heart and suppress the immune system)

Question 12

Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 12

Intrinsic is when you motivate yourself while extrinsic is when someone motivates you

Question 13

List five positive ways to relieve stress

Answer 13

Meditation
Exercise
Reaching out to others
Reading
Journal

Question 14

Explain the different defense mechanisms

Answer 14

Displacement- the transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening one
Regression- return to a behavior that is a characteristic of an earlier stage in life
Projection- people see their own faults in other people
Denial- refusing to accept the reality of anything bad or upsetting
Repression- removes anxiety-causing ideas by pushing them into the unconscious
Reaction formation- act opposite of their true feelings in order to hide true feelings
Sublimation- channeling basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior; serves a higher purpose

Question 15

Define personality

Answer 15

Patterns of feelings, motives, & behavior that set people apart from one another

Question 16

What were the four approaches to personality

Answer 16

Trait theory
Psychodynamic theory
Learning theory
Humanistic theory

Question 17

Explain the trait theory to personality

Answer 17

Personality traits are fixed from an early age and account for consistent behavior in different situations

Question 18

What are the different categories of traits

Answer 18

Introversion vs extroversion
Emotional stability vs instability
Conscientiousness vs carelessness
Agreeableness vs disagreeableness
Openness to experience vs closed mindedness

Question 19

Explain the difference between an introvert and extrovert personality

Answer 19

Introverts are imaginative and can look inward for their own ideas rather to others, while extroverts are active, self-expressive, and gain energy from others

Question 20

What are Erik Erikson’s different stages of personality development?

Answer 20

Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair

Question 21

What are Freud’s five stages of personality development

Answer 21

Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage

Question 22

What is the difference between the id, ego, and superego

Answer 22

The id desires instant gratification with no regard for rules, laws, etc. (present at birth), the superego acts as a moral conscience & floods the ego with guilt (develops through childhood), and the ego must balance the two to provide healthy mental thought (guided by the reality principle)

Question 23

Define aggression

Answer 23

Behavior that is intended to harm another individual
intent, reasoning, nature