Psychology Unit 4 Test study guide Flashcards
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
Examples of what would go into each category of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization- acceptance of facts, creativity, morality, gratefulness, humility, purpose, lack of prejudice
Esteem- status, dignity, achievement, respect from others, strong reputation, self-confidence, independence
Love and belonging- intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love, family, friendships, affiliating, being part of a group
Safety- stability, personal security, well-being, employment, law, freedom from fear, financial security, shelter, health, clothing, protection from the elements
Physiological- air, sleep, warmth, food, water, reproduction, homeostasis
Define the concept of emotions
Subjective feelings elicited by stimuli that have high significance to an individual
List the basic emotions that everyone feels
Fear, surprise, anger, happiness, disgust, and sadness
What is homeostasis in emotions
Balance or consistent internal state of emotions
What is a stressor
An event or sudden change in a person’s life that affects their thoughts and behavior
Examples of stressors
Moving, divorce of parents, and health issues
What is the difference between distress and eustress
Distress- bad stress
Eustress- good stress
What is a catastrophic event in someone’s life
A sudden unexpected potentially life-threatening experiences or traumas
Define chronic stress and create an example
A prolonged feeling of stress that can affect a person’s daily life
Example: living by an airport
Describe the different physical responses to stress
Alarm Stage- the immediate reaction; some version of flight or fight (sweating, breathing heavier)
Resistance Stage- the stressor continues and the body is trying to get out of the situation (irritation, frustration, poor concentration)
Exhaustion Stage- the body releases adrenaline and cortisol in large amounts (if they remain they can cause damage to the heart and suppress the immune system)
Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic is when you motivate yourself while extrinsic is when someone motivates you
List five positive ways to relieve stress
Meditation
Exercise
Reaching out to others
Reading
Journal
Explain the different defense mechanisms
Displacement- the transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening one
Regression- return to a behavior that is a characteristic of an earlier stage in life
Projection- people see their own faults in other people
Denial- refusing to accept the reality of anything bad or upsetting
Repression- removes anxiety-causing ideas by pushing them into the unconscious
Reaction formation- act opposite of their true feelings in order to hide true feelings
Sublimation- channeling basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior; serves a higher purpose
Define personality
Patterns of feelings, motives, & behavior that set people apart from one another
What were the four approaches to personality
Trait theory
Psychodynamic theory
Learning theory
Humanistic theory
Explain the trait theory to personality
Personality traits are fixed from an early age and account for consistent behavior in different situations
What are the different categories of traits
Introversion vs extroversion
Emotional stability vs instability
Conscientiousness vs carelessness
Agreeableness vs disagreeableness
Openness to experience vs closed mindedness
Explain the difference between an introvert and extrovert personality
Introverts are imaginative and can look inward for their own ideas rather to others, while extroverts are active, self-expressive, and gain energy from others
What are Erik Erikson’s different stages of personality development?
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
What are Freud’s five stages of personality development
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
What is the difference between the id, ego, and superego
The id desires instant gratification with no regard for rules, laws, etc. (present at birth), the superego acts as a moral conscience & floods the ego with guilt (develops through childhood), and the ego must balance the two to provide healthy mental thought (guided by the reality principle)
Define aggression
Behavior that is intended to harm another individual
intent, reasoning, nature
