psychology - MCAT hero -making sense of environment

Question 1

sensorimotor stage

Answer 1

0-2
using sense to pricier the world
learn object permanence

Question 2

preoperational

Answer 2

2-7

objects and ideas can be expressed using symbols - images and words, egocentric

Question 3

concrete operation stage

Answer 3

7-11

principle of conservation - this logically

Question 4

formal operation

Answer 4

12+

- reason based on morals, abstract thinking

Question 5

Adults over the age of 60 have delayed reaction times and slowed speech because their

Answer 5

information-processing cap have become slower

Question 6

after 60 what happens to ability to recall and ability to recognize?

Answer 6

recal- decline

recognize- mostly intact

Question 7

fixation

Answer 7

failure to see a new perspective

- either metal set or functional fixedness

Question 8

mental set

Answer 8

the inclination to fixate on answers that have been successful in the past - even if unrellevant to solving the current problem

Question 9

representative heuristic

Answer 9

we have a tendency to make judgments based on the probability of something happening based on our typical idea of a particular event. For example, we believe we will receive a cake rather than a salad when it is our birthday. This is because cakes are typically more representative of a birthday than a salad.

Question 10

8 types of intelligence

Answer 10

nature, linguistic, interpersonal, interpersonal, math, spatial , musical , bodily

Question 11

what isn’t included in the 8 types that I would assume would be

Answer 11

emotional

Question 12

triarchic theory of intelligence - Robert sternberg (3)

Answer 12

experiential (creative) intelligence, componential intelligence (analytical) and contextual intelligence (practical- street smarts)

Question 13

experiential intelligence

Answer 13

creative - familiarize oneself with new concepts- move to country and learn new language

Question 14

componential intelligence

Answer 14

analytical - logical thinking and reasoning, abstract thinking - the tradition view of intelligence - communicate and math preformance

Question 15

contextual intelligence

Answer 15

practical intelligence- apply ones knowledge to the world around them

Question 16

primary mental abilities

Answer 16

the belief that we are born with 7 primary mental abilities: reasoning, numerical, associative, spatial, word fluency, perceptual speed, verbal comprehension

savant syndrome= extreme talent in one area

Question 17

IQ scores (low, average, high)

Answer 17

average is 100

low = 70, high = 130

Question 18

PSG

Answer 18

is a test used to test measure physiological processes during sleep. The test includes a series of smaller tests, including:
Electrooculogram (EOG)- measures movements of the eyes during sleep.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)- measures the electrical impulses of the brain, these high frequencies and low amplitudes are known as alpha waves (collectively referred to as neural synchrony).
Electromyogram (EMG)- measures musculoskeletal movements.

Question 19

EOG vs EEG vs EMG

Answer 19

EOG= eye movement during sleep

EEG= electrical impulses

EMG = muscuskeletal movment

Question 20

stage 1 sleep

Answer 20

theta waves

Question 21

stage 2 sleep

Answer 21

k-complex and sleep spindles

• decrease respiration, HR and body temp

Question 22

stage 3 and 4

Answer 22

deepest sleep - slow sleep wave - delta waves- low frequency, high amp, no eye movement, growth hormones are secreted

Question 23

REM

Answer 23

low intensity waves and erratic- look like someone who is awake- no muscle movement - motionless sleep, dreaming

Question 24

average sleep cycle

Answer 24

90 mins

Question 25

as sleep cycle continues?

Answer 25

more time in REM less in deep sleep

Question 26

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 26

• his theory of dreaming was first proposed by Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977. According to the theory of activation synthesis, circuits in the brain are activated during REM sleep. … All of this internal activity is synthesized and interpreted by the brain. The signals are then given meaning via dream states.
• that physiological processes happening in the brain create dreams
• The brain synthesizes and interprets this internal activity and attempts create meaning from these signals, which results in dreaming.

Question 27

parasomnias vs dyssomnia vs insomnia

Answer 27

parasomnias- abnormal actions during sleep - somnambulism (sleepwalking), night terrors

dyssomnia- interruption in quality, timing of sleep –> sleep apnea, narcolepsy

insomnia- can’t sleep

Question 28

irregular sleep wake syndrome

Answer 28

person only needs 1-4 hours of sleep per 24 hours- and can function normally

Question 29

hypnosis

Answer 29

an induced state of consciousness in which the patient is in a state of being open to the hypnotists’ suggestion(s). It is thought to work by blocking information being received by sensory neurons

Question 30

dissociative theory of hypnosis

Answer 30

Theory states that the hypnosis patient is experiencing a divided state of consciousness. It is thought that if the patient alters their focus and tunes-out their everyday state of consciousness, they will be able to focus on another more specific and directed state of consciousness.

Question 31

social influence theory of hypnosis

Answer 31

The Social Influence Theory says that people under hypnosis are highly vulnerable to social influences. This means that the hypnosis patient may do and say what the hypnotist expects of them without even meaning to.

Question 32

depressants role on dopamine and GABA

Answer 32

increase dopamine, and GABA (feeling relaxed)

Question 33

compare opiates, benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Answer 33

opiates (morphine, heroin)- same as our endorphins - relax and joy- receive pain

barbiturates (tranquilizers) - aid sleep, slow HR, weakness, receive anxiety and seizures

benzodiazepines - to alliveate severe anxiety, stimulations GABA

Question 34

what to treat ADD and ADHD

Answer 34

stimulant (seems counterproductive )
- Stimulants are believed to work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with motivation, pleasure, attention, and movement. For many people with ADHD, stimulant medications boost concentration and focus while reducing hyperactive and impulsive behaviors.

Question 35

4 types of encoding

Answer 35

semantic - specific relevance- does not use sensory input such as sound, taste ect

acoustic- use echoic memory (encoding sounds)

tactile- how we recall how smith feels

visual - encoding sights - uses iconic memory

Question 36

process of encoding information

Answer 36

hippocampus (in temporal lobe) receive info from cortex, leads back to primary cortex- recording and linking associations with memories

Question 37

describe the brain lobes and locations

Answer 37

temporal by ears
frontal - front
pariental - top back
occipital - back behind

Question 38

temporal lobe

Answer 38

your thumb, can come detached, at the tip is the limbic system, it is for talking and speech and understanding sounds- its by our ears

Question 39

parietal

Answer 39

integrate sensory info - space, navigation and touch, primary motor cortex

Question 40

occipital lobe

Answer 40

at the back of brain - hit back of head- see stars, area for visual information

Question 41

serial position effect

Answer 41

says we are least likely to remember the middle part

Question 42

primacy effect vs recency effect

Answer 42

primacy - likler to remember beginning part

recency- likler to remember the end part

Question 43

how long is short term mem

Answer 43

20 seconds - just able to type address into GPS

Question 44

nodes

Answer 44

the specific idea or event that we remember, various associations connect nodes

example: a tiger is a node, association is large animals - leads to another node of a lion

Question 45

Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 45

chronic memory disorder caused by thiamine B1 def

Question 46

huntingtons disease

Answer 46

fatal genetic condition with no cure - memory loss and dementia, involuntary movement of limbs - caused by neurons that are genetically programmed to degenerate over time

Question 47

positive transfer

Answer 47

old info helps with new info

Question 48

theories of language learning

Answer 48

nativist- innate ability

interactionist - dependent on usage and experience , interaction ( based on social-cognitive model)

Question 49

source monitoring error

Answer 49

the the source of info is forgotten

Question 50

four types of neural plasticity

Answer 50

compensatory masquerade

cross-modal reassignment

map expansion

homologous area adaptation

Question 51

compensatory masquerade

Answer 51

when the brain finds another way to accomplish smth when the first way is ineffictive

Question 52

map expansion

Answer 52

Map expansion is the enlargement of a functional brain region on the basis of performance.

the area that deals with math, becomes heightened after taking a calculus class

heightened after frequent exposure

Question 53

cross- modal reassignment

Answer 53

Cross-modal reassignment occurs when structures previously devoted to processing a particular kind of sensory input now accepts input from a new sensory method.

is the adaptive reorganization of neurons to integrate the function of two or more sensory systems. Cross modal plasticity is a type of neuroplasticity and often occurs after sensory deprivation due to disease or brain damage. The reorganization of the neural network is greatest following long-term sensory deprivation, such as congenital blindness or pre-lingual deafness. In these instances, cross modal plasticity can strengthen other sensory systems to compensate for the lack of vision or hearing.

Question 54

homologous area adaptation

Answer 54

-Homologous area adaptation is the assumption of a particular cognitive process by a homologous region in the opposite hemisphere.

if the brain suffers damage to particular regions, sometimes it can shift the responsibilities of that area of the brain to another, undamaged area. This adaption is most active during the early stages of development.