515 Altius wrong answers Flashcards
Which sociological phenomenon best explains the self-reported tendency of medical students to present themselves to their superiors as being emotionally unaffected by patient interactions?
socialization bc
Socialization is the process through which people learn things that prepare them to participate in social systems in a socially acceptable way. In this case, the social system is the medical system and its cultural expectations. What is being learned is how to manage one’s emotions. Answer A is incorrect because we have no information from the passage about whether students’ peers specifically influenced what the researchers were observing. The teachers and supervisors mentioned in the passage are not peers. Answer B is incorrect because the example in the passage does not suggest that the students were presenting themselves as emotionally detached in order to obey a rule or directive given to them. Quite the contrary, this expectation was the result of unspoken, unwritten socialization factors.
The researchers used participant observation as their primary means of data collection. This suggests that the researchers most likely:
Participant observation requires the researcher to directly participate in the social phenomena being studied, this is the definition of participant observation methodology
making Answer B correct. Answer A is incorrect because this does not include the fact that the researcher was immersed in the social situation being studied, which is the hallmark of the participant observation methodology. Answer C is incorrect because this would be nearly the opposite of taking part in the social phenomenon with the subjects. Answer D is incorrect because random assignment is a characteristic of the experimental research method, not participant observation.
participant observation methodology
Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher not only observes the research participants, but also actively engages in the activities of the research participants. … Most researchers who conduct participant observations take on the role that they are interested in studying.
Ethnographic methods
a research approach where you look at people in their cultural setting, with the goal of producing a narrative account of that particular culture, against a theoretical backdrop.
The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to understand what is happening naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be formed from the data. Ethnographic research is also known as qualitative research.
Different from simple observational research, ethnography requires that a researcher integrate him/herself into the environment, typically playing a role of someone in that environment. Ethnographic research can be done in any environment where people live, work, or otherwise interact.
Hegemony
Hegemony is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others. In ancient Greece, hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of a city-state over other city-states.
Delirium tremens:
episode of delirium that is usually caused by alcohol withdrawal
Jim Crow racism:
basically same thing as institutional racism
Symbolic racism:
believing that racism is wrong, but not seeing racism as a significant institutional problem in society
Depressive realism:
hypothesis that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than do non-depressed individuals
Positive illusions bias:
exaggerated/inflated assessment of one’s own abilities, how good the future will be, or how much control one has over life events
Miscegenation:
he interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types
Chain migration:
tendency for people to follow family members and close friends to the same community in another country
Emic approach:
approach that takes the interpretations of situations by the individuals under study as matters of fact
The emic approach to studying human culture focuses on the members of the culture being studied. Their words, perceptions, and beliefs are the main sources of information used to understand the culture. For this reason, the emic approach is often referred to as the ‘insider approach.
Echopraxia vs Echolalia
Echopraxia is a catatonic behaviour, repetitive imitation of the movements of another person and Echolalia is a speech disorder that involves the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person.
Carl Roger’s Incongruence Principle:
to achieve self-actualization one must be in a state of congruence, where “ideal self” (who they would like to be) is congruent with “self-image” (actual behavior)
Stroop test
In psychology, the Stroop effect is the delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli.
The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) is a neuropsychological test extensively used to assess the ability to inhibit cognitive interference that occurs when the processing of a specific stimulus feature impedes the simultaneous processing of a second stimulus attribute, well-known as the Stroop Effect
Histrionic Personality Disorder
pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriate seduction and an excessive need for approval.
use their physical appearance, acting in inappropriately seductive or provocative ways, to gain the attention of others. They lack a sense of self-direction and are highly suggestible, often acting submissively to retain the attention of others.
Patients with histrionic personality disorder continually demand to be the center of attention and often become depressed when they are not. They are often lively, dramatic, enthusiastic, and flirtatious and sometimes charm new acquaintances.
histrionic personality disorder vs narcissistic personality disorder
Cluster b: “dramatic, emotional, erratic” cluster);
- antisocial
- narcissistic
- histrionic
- borderline
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is 1 of the 4 cluster B personality disorders, which also include antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and histrionic personality disorder (HPD).
-antisocial: is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of other people that often manifests as hostility and/or aggression. Deceit and manipulation are also central features. typically do not experience genuine remorse for the harm they cause others.
-narcissistic: have significant problems with their sense of self-worth stemming from a powerful sense of entitlement. This leads them to believe they deserve special treatment, and to assume they have special powers, are uniquely talented, or that they are especially brilliant or attractive. preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success and power, so much so that they might end up getting lost in their daydreams while they
fantasize about their superior intelligence or stunning beauty.
-histrionic: are characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Their lives are full of drama (so-called “drama queens”). They are uncomfortable in situations where they are not the center of attention. People with this disorder are often quite flirtatious or seductive, and like to dress in a manner that draws attention to them.
They can be flamboyant and theatrical, exhibiting an exaggerated degree of emotional expression.
Yet simultaneously, their emotional expression is vague, shallow, and lacking in detail. This gives them the appearance of being disingenuous and insincere.
-borderline: is one of the most widely studied personality disorders. People with Borderline Personality Disorder tend to experience intense and unstable emotions and moods that can shift fairly quickly. They generally have a hard time calming down once they have become upset. As a result, they frequently have angry outbursts and engage in impulsive behaviors such as substance abuse, risky sexual liaisons, self-injury, overspending, or binge eating. People with Borderline Personality Disorder tend to view the world in terms of black-and-white, or all-or-nothing thinking. Their tendency to see the world in black-or-white (polarized) terms makes it easy for them to misinterpret the actions and motivations of others.
Racial Formation Theory
which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial categories are determined by social, economic, and political forces.
These children may hurt or torment animals or people.
They may engage in hostile acts such as bullying or intimidating others.
They may have a reckless disregard for property such as setting fires.
They often engage in deceit, theft, and other serious violations of standard rules of conduct.
antisocial cluster B
Suppose the partner of a woman with___________ Personality Disorder fails to remember their anniversary. Black-and-white thinking causes her to conclude, “He doesn’t love me anymore” and all-or-nothing thinking leads her to (falsely) conclude, “If he does not love me, then he must hate me.”
Borderline - combination of distorted thought patterns, intense and under-regulated emotions, and poor impulse control
Cluster A personality disorders:
odd ecentric; Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of other people.
People with this disorder assume that others are out to harm them, take advantage of them, or humiliate them in some way.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social detachment and a restricted range of emotional expression. For these reasons, people with this disorder tend to be socially isolated. They don’t seem to seek out or enjoy close relationships.
They almost always chose solitary activities, and seem to take little pleasure in life.
These “loners” often prefer mechanical or abstract activities that involve little human interaction and appear indifferent to both criticism and praise.
Emotionally, they seem aloof, detached, and cold.
They may be oblivious to social nuance and social cues causing them to appear socially inept and superficial.
Their restricted emotional range and failure to reciprocate gestures or facial expressions (such a smiles or nods of agreement) cause them to appear rather dull, bland, or inattentive.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
are characterized by a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal limitations. They experience acute discomfort in social settings and have a reduced capacity for close relationships. For these reasons they tend to be socially isolated, reserved, and distant.
-BUT also see things!!
Unlike the Schizoid Personality Disorder, they also experience perceptual and cognitive distortions and/or eccentric behavior.
These perceptual abnormalities may include noticing flashes of light no one else can see, or seeing objects or shadows in the corner of their eyes and then realizing that nothing is there.
People with Schizotypal Personality Disorder have odd beliefs, for instance, they may believe they can read other people’s thoughts, or that that their own thoughts have been stolen from their heads.
These odd or superstitious beliefs and fantasies are inconsistent with cultural norms.
Cluster C personality
anxious, fearful cluster
The Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder “clingy”
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder*
The Avoidant Personality Disorder
- is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and a hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. People with this disorder are intensely afraid that others will ridicule them, reject them, or criticize them. This leads them to avoid social situations and to avoid interactions with others. This further limits their ability to develop social skills. People with Avoidant Personality Disorders often have a very limited social world with a small circle of confidants. Their social life is otherwise rather limited..
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder*
is a personality disorder characterized by a general pattern of concern with orderliness, perfectionism, excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one’s environment, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
