July 15th Flashcards
HPLC
a type of chromatography where a liquid (mobile) carries a sample through a column filled with absorbent material (stationary phase)
in normal HPCL- the mobile phase is non-polar
N-M-N (normal-mobile-nonpolar)
RP-HPCL
the reverse of HPLC,
so in Normal-Mobile-Nonpolar, so here the mobile must be polar
- so if sample is polar- eluted first
DNA was precipitated fro the aqueous layer using cold ethanol and sodium acetate. what allowed this to happen? what’s the principle behind it?
- sodium acetate formed ionic bonds with DNA, neutralizing its charge
- ethanol broke the hydration shell, allowing Na+ to bind to negative DNA, now the DNA cannot interact with polar water and therefore will precipitate
- here a solutes charge or polarity was modified in order to decreases its affinity for a particular solvent
what’s the driving principle fro extraction procedures?
“likes dissolve likes”
organic layer
non-polar or hydrophobic
what change could have been done in order to increase the signal intensity of the peaks that correspond to smaller mass-to-charge(M/z) values relative to larger m/z values
- decrease the pH of the sample solvent (more H+)
- this would increase the number of multiply charged particles (instead of +1, maybe +3 or +2- bc more chance of protonation)
in Mass Spectrometry analysis, what does signal intensity indicate?
signal intensity is the height of a data peak relative to other peaks
electrospray ionization
- particles are charged via protonation within droplets
- ions that have multiple charges have a smaller m/z ration (larger z decreases value)
ionization
process by which an atom or molecules acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons
analyte
a substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured.
adduct
adduct is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components.
ester can be reduced to
primary alcohol
what would cause an increase in vascular resistance?
delta P= CO x VR
change in BP = cardiac output x vascular resistance
reduced ventricular filling prior to contraction
- here have to go off the equation not so much what you think about resisitence
delta P = CO x VR
- CO is cardiac output
if ventricular filling increases, stoke volume increase, CO increases therefore VR must decrease
opposite is true, if ventricular filling decreases, stroke volume decreases, CO decreases and VR must increase
excess fluid in the patients lungs is most Miley caused by what at eh site of pulmonary gas exchange?
increased hydrostatic pressure within pulmonary capillaries
hydrostatic pressure vs osmotic pressure
HP= blood flowing through vessels exerts hydrostatic pressure on the walls, forcing fluid out of vessel
OP= circulating plasma proteins cause osmotic pressure within the blood to be higher than that of interstitial fluid, and fluid flows from low to high osmotic pressure- therefore blood osmotic pressure tend to pull water in (opposing hydrostatic pressure)
