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UWorld wrong answers - but that ill get right next time, YAY! > Altius - covid 2 (507) > Flashcards

Altius - covid 2 (507) Flashcards

1
Q

fluorescent light emitted

A

will be lower energy than the source light- this is bc some energy is lost (vibrations) low energy equal longer wavelength

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2
Q

newtons third law

(ask Marc why and what causes them to accelerate then) - is it less mass?

A

every action has an equal and opposite force- even if its moving, static or accelerating. Partner forces are always equal!

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3
Q

normative social influence vs informational social influence

A

part of Ash experiments
- normative is when we alter out behaviour to fir in with those around us and informational social influence is when we doubt ourselves and believe others to be ore informed than us

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4
Q

first 5 layers of our skin is composed of

A

epidermis —> all epithelial cells

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5
Q

after the epidermis, 2 layers of

A

dermis –> CT (actin, elastin, laminin, collagen) hold things together

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6
Q

papillary dermis

A

thin, loose, blood vessels, nerve endings

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7
Q

reticular dermis

A

contains glands and hair follivles

thick, dense CT - what makes hiar stand on end

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8
Q

last layer of skin

A

hypodermis/ subcutaneous fat

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9
Q

how do we categorize burns

A

1, 2 , 3 degree- depends on what layer it gets to - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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10
Q

holocrine glands

A

HOLE cell breaks

  • lubricate skin, releases sebum (oil)
  • face chest back
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11
Q

apocrine

A

apex breaks off ( top) - emotional sweating- armpits and groin

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12
Q

merocrine

A

exocytosis - most of sweat everywhere in the body

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13
Q

DNA bases from largest to smallest

A

largest is Guanine ( 2 rings - purine), then Adenine

then thiamine ( 1 ring pyrimidine) then smallest is cytosine

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14
Q

smallest DN base

A

cytosine

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15
Q

largest DNA base

A

gaunine

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16
Q

retro-aldol

A

is the reverse of aldol reaction - here a bond is broken beteen the alpha and beta carbon- yeilding either 2 aldehydes, 2ketones or 1 of each

  • to figure out what it yeilds- look at subs on the carbonyl carbon and the B carbon
  • if there is an H bond to either = aldehyde
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17
Q

is the alpha hydrogen on aldehyde or ketone more acidic? why?

A

more acidic on aldehydes bc ketone and more elcron donating group - destabalize negative enolate form

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18
Q

pentanal or pentone a strong acid?

A

pentanal - bc aldehyde –> so expect a higher Ka, lower pka

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19
Q

are aldehydes or ketones more reactive? why?

A

aldehydes are more reactive bc ketones are more sterically hindered

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20
Q

how can you tell the thermo product from the kinetic product

A

the thermo- will have the double bond on the more susituited carbon, kinetic with less subsituted

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21
Q

keto, enol and enolate

A

keto- thermo
enol- tauntamor- kinetic- can be deprononated by strong base to form enolate (good nucleophine - neg charge seeks pos nucleus)

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22
Q

micheal addition

A

an enolat attacks an a,B-unsaturated carbonyl to create a bond

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23
Q

stong bases to deprotonate aldehydes or ketones to form enolate

A

OH, LDA, KH

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24
Q

enamines and imines

A

they are tauntamors

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25
Q

imine

A

contains C=N, like a carbonyl but with an N

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26
Q

how do imines form

A

ammonia (Nu) attacks aldehyde or ketone, water leaves, producing imine (condenstation rxn) and (nu subsitution)

  • need acid to protonate the OH –> water to leve
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27
Q

enamines

A

so imine is a C=N-R and then thought tautomerization emanine is RHN-C=C (a hydrogen shifts to the N and double bond moves)

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28
Q

aldol condenstation

A

first strong base deprotonates the a hydrogen and enolate is formed, enolate than attacks carbonylcarbon on another keto/aldehyde species and an aldol is formed

in the next step the aldol is dehydrated, the OH is removed aas water

  • for step 2 to happen: strong base and high temp bcstong base is neede to deprotonate the alpha (middle) hydrogen when this happens a double bond forms here and OH is kicked off - combines with H to make water
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29
Q

how can we push retro-aldol rxn?

A

need aqueous base and heat

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30
Q

how to produce aldehydes and ketones

A

oxidation of primary (aldehyde) and secondary (ketones) alcolols

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31
Q

PCC

A

used to synth an aldehyde, this is a weaker oxidizing agent, need to use this so the reaction will stop at aldehyde and not continue to CA

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32
Q

what oxidizing agents can you use to get a ketone from secondary alcohol?

A

any of the bc this is the most oxidized product (secondary acohol- wont break the c-c bond)

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33
Q

secondary alohol with oxidizing agent=

A

ketone

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34
Q

primary alcohol with PCC

A

aldyhyde

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35
Q

primary alcolo with Na2Cr2O7

A

CA

36
Q

Nu attack to carbonyl

A

one of the most important rxn on MCAT

when this happens, c=o dissapears and o gets the extra electrons ( now ask can the carbonyl reform?), the only way it can is if there is a good leaving group - if not (aldyhydes and ketons) = alcohol

  • CA and derivatives, have a good leaving group and so carbonyl reforms and leavig group gets kicked off- subsitution
37
Q

if water is nu for aldehyde

A

nu addition, a geminal diol forms ( 2 OH)

38
Q

if one alcholo equivalent attacks

A

nu addition, hemiacetal forms (OH and OR)

39
Q

if 2 alcohol equivalents

A

nu addition, acetal forms (SN1 rxn) and acid

(SN1- unimolecular, depends only on the concentration od electrophile- how much leavig group leaves) carbocation forms

40
Q

why is acid needed for formation of acetal?

A

bc the OH in the hemiacetal needs to get protonated by acid, so that is a good leaving group (SN1 so it leaves before getting attacked by second alcohol equivalent)

41
Q

acetals and ketones are

A

inert and so good protcting groups

42
Q

when ammonia is the Nu on an aldehyde or ketone

A

imine

NH3+ (Nu) attacks, NH3+- CRR-OH, then hydride shift - so a H moves from theN to the OH –> to create water which than leaves

  • here, there is no hydroxy group left on- not a simple nu addition, this is a nu subsitution and condensation rxn
43
Q

nu addition vs nu subsitution

A

addition is when the Nu is added, sub is when it displaces

44
Q

carboxylic acid suffix

A

-oic acid

45
Q

if carboxylic is a salt the suffix is

A

-oate

46
Q

synth od CA

A

oxdation of alcohol

47
Q

when a NU attacks a CA

A

nucliphilic subsitution bc the OH can get protonated and act as a good leaving group

48
Q

whats an amide

A

a CA derivitive where the Oh is replaced with NHR

`

49
Q

how are amides made

A

CA + NH3 or another amine ( in either basic or acidic)

50
Q

resonance of amides

A

double bond can go between the C=N or the C=O

  • this stabalizes the bond and restricts motion
51
Q

what are lactams?

A

amides that are cyclic- replace oic acid with lactam

52
Q

requirment for ester formation? why?

A

Nu subsitution (OR for OH)

CA + alcohol ( usually primary) —> needs to be in acid bc the carboyl OH gets protonated - this pulls even more electrons from the carbon making it even more electrophilic, OH attackes- now 3 OH ‘ attached, one leaves as water

53
Q

cyclic esters are called?

cyclic amided are called?

A 
esters= lactones
amides= lactams
54
Q

lactone vs lactam

A

lactone- ester

lactam- amide

55
Q

anhydrides are formed how?

A

condesation of 2 CA

56
Q

CA reduced to?

A

primary alcohols - bc nucleophilic addition of hydrides

57
Q

decarboxylation is

A

complete loss of carboxyl group as CO2

happens with 1,3- dicarboxylic acids and other B-keto acids

58
Q

how does decarboxylation happen

A

1) sometimes spontanouesly with heat

this reaction is unique bc the electrophile and the nucleophile are in the same molecule !!! there is a six member transistion intermediate

59
Q

saponification

A

when long chain CA react with sodium or potassium hydroxide, a salt is formed- this is saponification

this happens when FA are mixed with lye resulting in a salt that is known as SOAP!!

soap is just a CA salt !!

60
Q

is water of an alcohol a better acid

A

water

61
Q

acidity trend

A

generally bond strength decreases down the periodic table therfore acidity increases and more elctroneg, more acdic

62
Q

nucleophilic trends

A
  • more negative charge more nu
  • don’t want electroneg (bc then it would hold electrons tight) so less electroneg better nu
  • less steric hindrance better nu
  • protic solvents ( CA, alcohol, water, amonia- anything that can hydrogen bond) could inhibit nu
63
Q

amide vs imine

A

amide is CA derivative with NR2, imine is C=N in spot of a carboxyl group

64
Q

sufflix for esters

A

oic acid is replaced with oate

ethyl ethanoate - the first word is whats attachced to the ester

65
Q

how are anhydrides made?

A

condensation of two CA (OH on one is NU and attacks carbonyl on other)

66
Q

reactivity of CA derivatives towards Nu attack

A

anhydrides are most reactive ( 3 electron withdrawing groups) so make for a very electrophilic carbon, then esers, CA and then amide ( amides have an electron donating group so less reacitve)

67
Q

induction refers to

A

tug or war of electrons across sigma bonds- generatig a dipole, whereas resonance with atoms that have an unhybridized p-orbital - can delocalize pi electrons through resonance - electron clouds

68
Q

which lactams/ lactones are more sensitive to hydrolysis?

A

the ones that have ring strain

  • 4 ring (B-lactams) is way more reactive then g-lactam
  • due to torsional and eclipsing strain
69
Q

can all CA derivatives participate in Nu acyl substitutions

A

yes, at different rates ( depending on electrophilicity- anhydride most, ester, CA, amide)

70
Q

Nucleophillic subsitutuion reaction: ammonia + annhydride

A

here the ammonia attacks the carbonyl carbon, and a carboxylic acid is a leaving group –> yield an amide + CA

71
Q

Nucleophilic acyl substitution: alcohol + anhydride

A

alcohol is the Nu, attacks the carbonyl carbon–> yield an ester and a CA

72
Q

how can we break apart an anhydride into its 2 CA

A

with water

73
Q

what is transesterification

A

when an alcohol replaces another alcohol in an ester

74
Q

how can amides be hydrolyzed

A

under highly acidic conditions via Nu substation
or under highly basic conditions (here OH- is a strong base and can attack)

  • we need the acidic conditions bc we ned the carbonyl oxygen to be protonated, making the molecule more susceptible to Nu attack (this is bc amides are the lease reactive to Nu substitutions), here water can cacts as a Nu and yeild a CA and ammonia
75
Q

L or D amino acids in our body

A

L —> which means that NH2 is on the left

76
Q

L amino acids have R or S configuration?

A

all have S except for cysteine which is R bc of higher priority of sulfur

77
Q

hydrolysis of a peptide bond with

A

strong acid or base

78
Q

synth of amino acids

A

Sketcher synth ( aldehyde, NH4Cl, KCN) - last step needs acid

or Gabreil synthesis

79
Q

breifly describe sketcher synth

A

oxygen on aldyhede is protonated, imine is formed then CN- attacks so we get a compund with both an amino and a nitrile (triple bond) group called an aminonitrile

next nitrile group is protonates and then water attacks, hydroxyl group now added, another water attacks and a carboonyl is formed, kicking of ammonia and creating a CA

80
Q

the starting material of sketcher synth is ______ therfore the product mixture is ______

A

planar, racemic - bc the incoming Nu can attack from either side of the carbonyl thus L and D amino acids are formed

81
Q

sketcher synth yeilds L or D amino acids

A

both- racemic mixture bc starting material is planar

82
Q

Gabriel (malonic-ester) synth

A

in this methos potassium phthalimide is reacted with diethyyl bromomalonate in an SN2 reaction ( bc secondary carbon with good leaving group Br)

  • the bulkiness of the Nu- makes sure that multiple reaction dont occur
83
Q

does gabriel produce L or D amino acids

A

racemic mixture just like sketcher synth

84
Q

if an acid is needed for a reaction is it considered a reactant?

A

NO

85
Q

pyrophosphate

A

PPi ( this is released when a new nucleotide is added to a growing DNA strand)
- it is an acid anhydride

86
Q

ATP, GTP and other nucleotides are considered

A

organic bc bound to a carbon

UWorld wrong answers - but that ill get right next time, YAY! (20 decks)

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