July 17th Flashcards
polychromatic light vs monochromatic light
polychromatic- light waves with different wave lengths- white light
monochromatic- only one colour
why does thin-oil interference generate multicoloured array when 2 semitransparent fluids are used (water sitting on oil)
the thickness of the top fluid varies along the fluid interface
- constructive and destructive interference among waveforms of polychromatic light
undermines complacency
undermines- erodes the foundation, lessens the effectiveness of
complacency- feeling smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or ones achivments
-feeling pleasure of security, often while unaware of some potencial danger
a complacent attitude
too satisfied with yourself in a situation, so that any change is unnessasry
pragmatic
dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations
sentiment
an opinion, view, feeling, attitude
when James said there was no such thing as “the religious sentiment” he meant
no one attitude
he was more openminded, leading his to conclude that there are many vible religious perspectives!
pluralistic
relating to or advocating a system in which multiple states, groups, principles, ideas, sources of authority can coexist
- in philosophy, pluralistic approach is one that recognizes that there is more than one ultimate principle
empiricist
a person who supports the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses
what do empiricist believe
Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. According to empiricists, our learning is based on our observations and perception; knowledge is not possible without experience.
subordinate
lower in rank or importance
myr-i-ad (mere-i-ad)
extremely great number
trigonal planar vs trigonal pyramid
planar - has 3 sigma bonds- no lone pairs (120)
pyramid - 3 sigma and one lone pair at the top - basically similar to tetrahedral but one of the bonds is a lone pair)
watts (power)
J/s
joules
N x m
what are all waves on the spectrum
electromagnetic
which are low f and long? whats their energy like
long radio waves - lower energy bc E= hf - low f = low energy
red or violet lower f
violet high f (400nm) –> red longer
how fast do waves travel in air assumption
c
if a wavelength is doubled what happens to speed?
v= f x wavelength,
BUT
Even though the wave speed is calculated by multiplying wavelength by frequency, an alteration in wavelength does not affect wave speed. Rather, an alteration in wavelength affects the frequency in an inverse manner. A doubling of the wavelength results in a halving (1/2) of the frequency; yet the wave speed is not changed.
what can v= f x wavelength be used for?
this can be used to find wavelength or f —> never to find the speed, bc think of speed almost as a contrast–> a doubling of wavelength = 1/2 f
how does n affect wavelength?
- n=c/v ….. v= c/n ( so if n gets bigger, v decreases )
- v= f x wavelength –> so speed decreases, and f is the same (f ALWAYS stays the same when traveling from one medium to another), the wavelength decreases
Although the wave slows down, its frequency remains the same, due to the fact that its wavelength is shorter. When waves travel from one medium to another the frequency never changes. As waves travel into the denser medium, they slow down and wavelength decreases.
what happens when a wave travels into a denser medium
n increases,
v= c/n ( speed than decreases)
if the speed decreases, f always the same - the wavelength decreases
real vs virtual images
real is where the light should actually go –> in mirrors its reflected - so the image on same side= real
in the lens- it is refracted, so real would be on the other side
if the image is real it is always?
inverted (UV and IR)
what indicates a “real” image
a positive di (image distance)
what indicates a converging species
a positive F or r ( converging species would be a concave mirror or convex lens)
focal length
is 1/2 r
whats m
- magnification and it is the negative ratio of di/do and also the ratio of image size/ object size
- if m is negative = inverted
- if m is smaller than 1 –> image is smaller
- if m is greater than 1 –> image is enlarged
if an object is on the F
no image
critical angle
when angle 2 = 90 degrees = 1
angle 1= sin inverse ( n2/n1)
what mirrors NEVER produce real images
- plane
- convex mirror
- concave (diverging lens)
concave mirrors and convex lens can only produce REAL images when???
the object is beyond the focal point (real and inverted)
- mirror- same side and inverted
- lens- other side and inverted
when thickness cannot be negligible?
use lens makers equation:
1/f = (n-1) (1/r1 -1/r2)
lens power
1/f measured in diopters - and will have the same sign as f
me, i can see near things, but not far so i wear my diva glasses
myopia= nearsightedness = diverging lens
spherical abberation
blurring of the periphery of the image bc not a uniform on focal point
-The shape of a spherical lens causes a problem called spherical aberration. In spherical aberration, parallel light rays that pass through the central region of the lens focus farther away than light rays that pass through the edges of the lens. The result is many focal points, which produce a blurry image.
dispersion occurs why?
due to the fact that the medium (n) can affect wavelength and speed (if denser- slows done wave, wavelength changes)
-Because different wavelengths (colors) of light travel through a medium at different speeds, the amount of bending is different for different wavelengths. Violet is bent the most and red the least because violet light has a shorter wavelength, and short wavelengths travel more slowly through a medium than longer ones do.
The wavelength and speed of the light change as it travels from one medium to another. … When it travels through a prism or any other medium, having a relatively higher optical density, the speed of each colour changes and so they cannot remain together as white light. Hence, the separate out and dispersion occur.
what wavelengths travel slower through a dense medium
short wavelengths, violet
v= f x wavlength
when denser- wavelength decreases bc wave slows down, so wavelength has to get shorter in order to maintain the same frequency
plane-polarized light
light in which all their electric feild vectors are pointed the same way
- used in orgo to determine chiral centers–> shoot plane polarized light at it, which way does it rotate
how does the brigh max in a single-lens slit behave as a gets narrower
brigh max gets wider
quick way to determine pH from [H]
ph = (e-1) . (10-n)
relate acid strength to the periodic table
increases from left to right across periodic table and increases going down ( bc the bigger the central atom is, the better it is at holding a negative charge)
- example —> HI is very strong
strong acids (I want to know 6)
HI
HBR
HCl
- look on periodic table these are far right and at bottom
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4 (stongest - bc 4 very electroneg oxygen, and resoance stability with negative charge)
order= HClO4 (perchloric acid), HI, Hbr, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
for polyprotic acids, after they lose one are they more likely to lose a second?
- no, the first one, will have the largest Ka, bc the leftover H would help donate so +, don’t want him to leave too soon
For polyprotic acids, the first Ka is always the largest, followed by the second, etc.; this indicates that the protons become successively less acidic as they are lost.
Although the tendency to lose each acidic proton decreases as subsequent ones are lost, all possible ionic species do exist in solution; to calculate their fractional concentration, one can use equations that rely on equilibrium constants and the concentration of protons in solution.
is H2SO4 or HNO3 more acidic
H2SO4 bc it has more oxygen attached - stabalized negative charge better
strong acid has?
very high Ka and a low pka (below 0)
