psychology-MCAt hero Flashcards

Question

social cognitive theory

Answer 1

we learn how to behave by observing others in society rather than trail and error

Answer 2

self efficacy, self esteem, locus of control who am I? types of identity: (race, gender, status, age, class)

Answer 3

gender moral= kolberg--> development of moral thinking by cognitive reasoning, resolving moral dilemmas and concepts of right and wrong (1. preconventional - obedience and self-interest), 2. conventional- conformity, law and order, 3. post conventional - social contract and universal human rights) psychosexual= Freud --> our sexuality and libido influences our psychology and manifests differently as we develop (fixation during a stage leads to problems later psychosocial= Erikson- social interactions shape psychology. conflicts caused by social demands cause problems later on

Answer 4

change behaviour cause ppl watching

Answer 5

B1 def, chronic memory impairment, common in alcoholics

Answer 6

functional basis of language - a need to communicate and a desire to participate in society biological and social theories of language= learning, nativist, interactionist

Answer 7

study the social constructs (that a society makes) on individuals, how these constructed affect the roles of individuals - the way ppl interact through shared understanding of words, symbols and social constructs

Answer 8

would be something like segregation enforces labels on ppl making them less likely to fulfill there potential beyond the role

Answer 9

if an experiment doesn't actually test the situation that it purports to test than it lacks construct validity good construct validity- high degree of validity in testing what it actually claims

Answer 10

as our cognitive ability grow, we can think about things in a different way --> moral reasoning 3 stages: preconventional, conventional and post conventional within each--> 2 stages

Answer 11

obedience- fear of punishment self-interest; desire to gain award

Answer 12

conformity- seek approval from others law and order- if everyone stole, than society outdent function

Answer 13

social contract- individual rights areall unique and can be changed- everyone has the right o live - In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts the individual acts with an understanding that laws are created by people coming together for the common good, and that these same people can change these laws if new demands or conditions arise. universal human ethics- abstract principles (bribing a teacher for good grades "just feels wrong"

Answer 14

"self" grows out of social interacts and perceptions pf others, a persons self-concept is based on what they think others feel about them - based on social setting not solidarity you're friends see you as funny. Your boss sees you as lazy. Your ex sees you as dumb. Your looking-glass self is a combination of all of these different perceived versions of you by other people.

Answer 15

oral stage

Answer 16

anal stage

Answer 17

Erickson - social interactions shape psychology - a series of crisis that come from conflicts between needs and social demands. kohlberg- doesn't focus on the resolving of conflicts or urges (like freud and Erickson) but focuses on moral reasoning, as our cognitive abilities grow, we are able to think about things in different ways

Answer 18

a belief that our various identities are organized according to a hierarchy of salience ( importance- quality of being particularly noticeably or important) depending on the situation, dictates what identity hold the most importance in that given moment

Answer 19

we all have three selfs; actual, ideal and ought self

Answer 20

what others think we should be

Answer 21

a subtly difference subtle shades of meaning of expression a slight or delicate variation in tone, colour, meaning - shade of differnence

Answer 22

focused on understanding cognitive development ( like kolberg)- the engine driving cog dev was internalizing culture and environment around child known for his concept of zone of proximal development --> referring to skills that are skill development- he believed that child needs a "more knowledgeable other" if trying to ride a bike, but struggling, needs an adult to help-- Vygotsky would say that this skill is within the child prone of proximal development

Answer 23

theory of mind

Answer 24

2 ppl with same trait may see themselves differently depending on how those qualities compare to their reference groups ( the group we compare ourselves too) If your reference group is a bunch of over-achievers with 40+ MCAT scores, you'll never be happy with yourself. However, if your reference group is the average med school applicant, you'll be happy with a 30+ MCAT score.

Answer 25

id: basic urges and survival ego: the mediator bwt id (urges) and superego (ideal self/perfectionist) ego makes use of defence mechanisms to reduce stresss caused by urges and the superego

Answer 26

Myer-Briggs Types A and B Sheldon somatotypes Esencks 3 major traits (PEN) 5 factor model Allort (3 types of traits: cardinal, central, secondary)

Answer 27

based on behaviours that have previoulsly been learning through rewards and punishment

Answer 28

primary is the ID's frustration (not getting what it wants NOW) and the soncondary is the ego reality principle and guidance- postpone the pleasure principle unit satisfaction can actually be obtained

Answer 29

the ego uses defence mechanism to relieve anxiety in the clash between the id and superego all defence mechanisms: 1. distort, falsify, deny reality 2. they all operate unconsciously ex. repression, suppression, regression, projection, displacement, sublimation

Answer 30

repression is more unconscious, subspression is conscious forgetting

Answer 31

suppress urges and unconsciously convert them into their exact opposites

Answer 32

transferring undesired feeling into something else unacceptable to "hate your parents" so "my parents hate me"

Answer 33

displacement- unacceptable sublimation - unacceptable urges transformed into another ACCEPTABLE task - playing soccer

Answer 34

collective unconsciousness (shared amongst all ppl and ansestors influence it) and personal unconscious and the conscious mind he was kinda like freud archetypes-underlying forms or concepts that give rise to archetypal images, that are common between cultures ( like having a mom and dad)

Answer 35

persona - mask we wear in public anima - a mans inner woman (femininity) animus - a woman's inner man (masculinity in women) shadow- unpleasant and social repressible thoughts

Answer 36

that our thoughts, feelings, environment all are interconnected and interact with each our in a given situation.

Answer 37

Stereo blindness is the inability to use retinal disparity as a cue for seeing depth; these persons must rely instead on pictorial or monocular cues. Answer B is incorrect because color blindness is a genetic condition resulting from lacking one or more of the cone types found in a normal individual. Answer C, binocular vision, is the normal multi-dimensional vision created by two eyes with overlapping fields of view. This is the normal function that is in part lost in stereo blindness, although persons with stereo blindness often retain some binocular vision. In any event, the loss of the ability to recognize cues for depth is certainly not an example of binocular vision; if anything, it describes a loss in binocular ability.

Answer 38

Answer D is correct. When using the representativeness heuristic, a person categorizes the likely outcomes of a situation based on previous experience. A person tends to judge an outcome as more or less likely based on its similarity to previous outcomes. In this case, the participant appears to believe, after experiencing the fact that the answer to three of the first four prompts was 5, that the answer to future prompts should also be more likely to be 5. Answer C is incorrect because the availability heuristic refers to a person exhibiting a positive bias toward the item or solution that is most easily accessed from memory. Nothing in the stem suggests that 5 was somehow easier to remember than any other number, so the representativeness heuristic is more applicable in this case.