psychology-MCAt hero Flashcards
conversion disorder
going blind after watching son die
Biological bases of nervous system disorders
1. schizophrenia
hyperactive dopamine, over depression of D2 receptor
Biological bases of nervous system disorders
2. Depression
high cortisol
abnormal levels of serotonin, dopamine and morepinephrine
Biological bases of nervous system disorders
3. Alzheimers
formation of b-amyloid plaque, tangles( long strands of protein that prevent brain cells from receiving paper nutrients)
Biological bases of nervous system disorders
4. Parkinsons
degeneration of substantiated nigra cells lead to low dopamine
justification of effort Lin between attitude and behaviour
is a social psychology theory that proposes that individuals view a goal or endpoint as worthwhile and more favorable if they worked hard or put effort into achieving it.
example: work so fucking hard to apply to master programs (references, applications) in the mean time receive very attractive job offer, but choose to go into the masters bc of the effort to do it
person’s tendency to attribute a value to an outcome, which they had to put effort into achieving, greater than the objective value of the outcome.
anarchy
a state of disorder due to absence of authority
allegory
story, power or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning
2 ways to prevent anarchy and have social control
informal control- unenforced social norms
formal control - laws
conformity vs obedience
comformity- due to peer pressure, obedience due to authority - both changing behaviour
group polarization vs groupthink
polar–> more extreme veiw
group think–> go with what group thinks
sanctions
in sociology- used to enforce conformity i society - can be positive or negative
punishments for not conforming to social norms- shame or ridicule
punishment, penelty, disapline
folkway example, more example and taboo example
folk–> burping at dinner table
more– going out naked
taboo– incest
an-o-mie
lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group
lack or or the undermining (lessen the effect) of social norms
undermining
lessening the effect
perspectives of deviance (3)
- differential association- associating with devient ppl causes you to become deviant
- labeling theory- labeling ppl affects their self image and can lead them to either more conformity or deviance
- strain theory- social structure can pressure ppl to commit crime - lower class, with all the discrimination, pressures the individual to steal
labeling as pothead will cause ?
- more conformity (stop smoking)
2. deviance (embrace the label- yup, that’s what I do)
mass hysteria vs riot
MH- rumours and fears affecting a group of ppl
riots– vandalize bc not happy with society
habituation
and dishabituation
out for a job, you are used to the sun so it doesn’t bother you anymore
dishabituation- come inside, grab coffee, back out - you are bothered by sun again
neutral stimuli vs unconditioned stimuli
neutral = no response (bell= no response)
conditioned stimuli= bell= salivate)
unconditioned= the natural response (food= salivate)
acquisition
extiniction
learning the association
losing the association
discrimination
dog salivates only to pavlov ringing the bell (opposite of generilzation)
primary reinforcer vs secondary
primary= natural rewards= food, drink, pleasure
secondary= unnatural rewards= money, grades
instinctive drift
is the tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with learned behaviour from operant conditioning
can’t teach a mother goose to abandon eggs
social cognitive theory
we learn how to behave by observing others in society rather than trail and error
what can affect someones self concept
self efficacy, self esteem, locus of control
who am I? types of identity: (race, gender, status, age, class)
theories of identity development
gender
moral= kolberg–> development of moral thinking by cognitive reasoning, resolving moral dilemmas and concepts of right and wrong (1. preconventional - obedience and self-interest), 2. conventional- conformity, law and order, 3. post conventional - social contract and universal human rights)
psychosexual= Freud –> our sexuality and libido influences our psychology and manifests differently as we develop (fixation during a stage leads to problems later
psychosocial= Erikson- social interactions shape psychology. conflicts caused by social demands cause problems later on
hawthorne effect
change behaviour cause ppl watching
Korsakoff syndrome
B1 def, chronic memory impairment, common in alcoholics
social interactionist theory
functional basis of language - a need to communicate and a desire to participate in society
biological and social
theories of language= learning, nativist, interactionist
symbolic interactionist theory
study the social constructs (that a society makes) on individuals, how these constructed affect the roles of individuals
- the way ppl interact through shared understanding of words, symbols and social constructs
symbolic interactionist perspective on segregation in schools?
would be something like segregation enforces labels on ppl making them less likely to fulfill there potential beyond the role
construst validity
if an experiment doesn’t actually test the situation that it purports to test than it lacks construct validity
good construct validity- high degree of validity in testing what it actually claims
Kohlberg stages of moral reasoning
as our cognitive ability grow, we can think about things in a different way –> moral reasoning
3 stages: preconventional, conventional and post conventional
within each–> 2 stages
kolberg preconventional
obedience- fear of punishment
self-interest; desire to gain award
kolberg conventional
conformity- seek approval from others
law and order- if everyone stole, than society outdent function
kolberg post-conventional
social contract- individual rights areall unique and can be changed- everyone has the right o live - In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts
the individual acts with an understanding that laws are created by people coming together for the common good, and that these same people can change these laws if new demands or conditions arise.
universal human ethics- abstract principles (bribing a teacher for good grades “just feels wrong”
looking-glass self
“self” grows out of social interacts and perceptions pf others, a persons self-concept is based on what they think others feel about them - based on social setting not solidarity
you’re friends see you as funny. Your boss sees you as lazy. Your ex sees you as dumb. Your looking-glass self is a combination of all of these different perceived versions of you by other people.
fixation in this stage lead to intense dependency later on
oral stage
fixation leads t excessive orderliness or sloppiness
anal stage
Erickson vs kolberg
Erickson - social interactions shape psychology - a series of crisis that come from conflicts between needs and social demands.
kohlberg- doesn’t focus on the resolving of conflicts or urges (like freud and Erickson) but focuses on moral reasoning, as our cognitive abilities grow, we are able to think about things in different ways
being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
androgyny
hierarchy of salience
a belief that our various identities are organized according to a hierarchy of salience ( importance- quality of being particularly noticeably or important)
depending on the situation, dictates what identity hold the most importance in that given moment
self- discrepancy theory
we all have three selfs; actual, ideal and ought self
ought self
what others think we should be
nuanced
a subtly difference
subtle shades of meaning of expression
a slight or delicate variation in tone, colour, meaning - shade of differnence
Vygotsky is known for
focused on understanding cognitive development ( like kolberg)- the engine driving cog dev was internalizing culture and environment around child
known for his concept of zone of proximal development –> referring to skills that are skill development- he believed that child needs a “more knowledgeable other”
if trying to ride a bike, but struggling, needs an adult to help– Vygotsky would say that this skill is within the child prone of proximal development
the ability to sense how another mind works is called
theory of mind
reference group
2 ppl with same trait may see themselves differently depending on how those qualities compare to their reference groups ( the group we compare ourselves too)
If your reference group is a bunch of over-achievers with 40+ MCAT scores, you’ll never be happy with yourself. However, if your reference group is the average med school applicant, you’ll be happy with a 30+ MCAT score.
id, ego, superego
id: basic urges and survival
ego: the mediator bwt id (urges) and superego (ideal self/perfectionist)
ego makes use of defence mechanisms to reduce stresss caused by urges and the superego
type and trait theorists
Myer-Briggs
Types A and B
Sheldon somatotypes
Esencks 3 major traits (PEN)
5 factor model
Allort (3 types of traits: cardinal, central, secondary)
behaviourist theory of personality
based on behaviours that have previoulsly been learning through rewards and punishment
primary process, secondary process
primary is the ID’s frustration (not getting what it wants NOW) and the soncondary is the ego reality principle and guidance- postpone the pleasure principle unit satisfaction can actually be obtained
defense mechanisms
the ego uses defence mechanism to relieve anxiety in the clash between the id and superego
all defence mechanisms:
- distort, falsify, deny reality
- they all operate unconsciously
ex. repression, suppression, regression, projection, displacement, sublimation
repression vs suppression
repression is more unconscious, subspression is conscious forgetting
reaction formation
suppress urges and unconsciously convert them into their exact opposites
projection
transferring undesired feeling into something else
unacceptable to “hate your parents” so “my parents hate me”
displacement vs sublimation
displacement- unacceptable
sublimation - unacceptable urges transformed into another ACCEPTABLE task - playing soccer
Carl Jung
collective unconsciousness (shared amongst all ppl and ansestors influence it)
and personal unconscious
and the conscious mind
he was kinda like freud
archetypes-underlying forms or concepts that give rise to archetypal images, that are common between cultures ( like having a mom and dad)
Carl Jung archetype examples
persona - mask we wear in public
anima - a mans inner woman (femininity)
animus - a woman’s inner man (masculinity in women)
shadow- unpleasant and social repressible thoughts
reciprocal determinism
that our thoughts, feelings, environment all are interconnected and interact with each our in a given situation.
Which condition describes the inability of a patient to use retinal disparity as a cue for depth?
Stereo blindness is the inability to use retinal disparity as a cue for seeing depth; these persons must rely instead on pictorial or monocular cues. Answer B is incorrect because color blindness is a genetic condition resulting from lacking one or more of the cone types found in a normal individual. Answer C, binocular vision, is the normal multi-dimensional vision created by two eyes with overlapping fields of view. This is the normal function that is in part lost in stereo blindness, although persons with stereo blindness often retain some binocular vision. In any event, the loss of the ability to recognize cues for depth is certainly not an example of binocular vision; if anything, it describes a loss in binocular ability.
One study participant solved the first four algebraic prompts and noticed that the answer to three of them was 5. Thereafter, she was twice as likely to select 5 as the correct answer compared to any other number, even when 5 was incorrect. Which psychological concept best explains this observation?
a. False positive
b. Functional fixedness
c. Availability heuristic
d. Representativeness heuristic
Answer D is correct. When using the representativeness heuristic, a person categorizes the likely outcomes of a situation based on previous experience. A person tends to judge an outcome as more or less likely based on its similarity to previous outcomes. In this case, the participant appears to believe, after experiencing the fact that the answer to three of the first four prompts was 5, that the answer to future prompts should also be more likely to be 5.
Answer C is incorrect because the availability heuristic refers to a person exhibiting a positive bias toward the item or solution that is most easily accessed from memory. Nothing in the stem suggests that 5 was somehow easier to remember than any other number, so the representativeness heuristic is more applicable in this case.
