psychology 8 Flashcards
According to Folkman and Lazarus, each stressor we encounter triggers a two-step appraisal process followed by a two-dimensional coping process. What are these two steps?
1.Primary appraisal
2. Secondary appraisal
Cancer is related to?
hereditary disposition and environmental factors
Contributing factors to Cardiovascular Disorders include?
stress hormones, certain personality types, and certain behaviors
daily hassle examples?
watching traffic lights change against us, getting in slowest line, breaking your pencil point at an exam,
Distress?
unpleasant stress
Effects of stress: How the body responds Hans Selyes (1976) - General AdEffects of stress: How the body responds Hans Selyes (1976) - General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of 3 stages which areaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of 3 stages which are
i) Alarm (keadaan berjaga-jaga) ii) Resistance (penentangan) iii) Exhaustion (keletihan)
Eustress?
pleasant stress
Life changes are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment. Research on life change began when
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).
Motivation is the study of…..
the ‘WHYs’ of human behavior (why people engage in certain behavior).
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is…..
anxiety disorder following exposure to extraordinary stress
Shontz’s (1975) model explains people’s reaction to chronic illness in Four stages. In the fourth stage, what is Adjustment?
eventually the individual adjusts to the reality of the disease.
Shontz’s (1975) model explains people’s reaction to chronic illness in Four stages. What are they?
- Shock
- Encounter
- Retreat
- Adjustment
Shontz’s (1975) model explains people’s reaction to chronic illness in Four stages. What is the first stage Shock?
initial shock or disbelief
Shontz’s (1975) model explains people’s reaction to chronic illness in Four stages. What is the second wave Encounter?
characterized by feelings of sadness, grief and loss.
Shontz’s (1975) model explains people’s reaction to chronic illness in Four stages. What is the third stage Retreat?
during retreat, individuals often try to deny the existence of the problem.
Stressor (sources of stress)
the trigger that prompts the stressful reaction
The first stage of the body’s stress response is Alarm. What is it?
The alarm stage triggers the fight-or-flight response, releasing hormones that increase heart rate, expand lung capacity, and suppress digestion to prepare the body for action.
The second stage of the bodys stress response is Resistance. What is it?
In the resistance stage, the sympathetic behaviors lessen, and parasympathetic control increases in the body. However, physiological reactions to stress will still be present if the perceived stress continues.
The third stage of the bodys stress response is exhaustion, What happens?
Finally if the stress continues for long periods, the exhaustion stage is reached. Being a finite system, the body cannot continue to maintain alarm, even in the resistance phase. Consequently the body’s ability to produce adrenal hormones ends. In exhaustion, the body becomes more vulnerable to opportunistic infection disease, and even death if the stress continue to this stage.
There are three basic types of conflict. What are they?
- Approach-approach conflict Having to choose between two or more desirable alternatives. This conflict is the easiest to resolve and produces the least stress.
- Avoidance-avoidance conflict Forced choice between two or more undesirable alternatives.
- Approach-avoidance conflict Occurs when a person must choose between alternatives that will have both desirable and undesirable results. Eg : “ I want to spend more time in a close relationship, but that means I won’t be able to see as much of my old friends”
type- A personality is characterized by?
a competitive approach to achievement, time urgency, and higher levels of hostility and anger (e.g people in a hurry, who walk fast, and who try to accomplish several things at once. Type-A individuals usually are successful in business or other creative activities.
What are the six major theories of motivation?
- Instinct
- Drive Reduction
- Arousal
- Incentive
- Cognitive
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What are the Two major approaches to coping with stress?
- Problem-focused coping (changing one’s perception of stressful situations)
- Emotion-focused coping (using problem-solving strategies to decrease or eliminate the source of stress)
What is AIDS?
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a retrovirus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The retrovirus causes death primarily by slowly attacking the immune system and T-cells. The virus is transmitted by bodily fluids (blood or semen) primarily via sexual intercourse, blood transfusions, or shared injection needles.
