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psychology 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

studies age-related changes in the human development from conception to death

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2
Q

The were several theoretical issue guiding research in human development psychology. What are they?

A
  1. Nature (biology) vs Nurture (learning)
  2. Continuity vs stages
  3. Stability (maintained) vs change
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2
Q

What is Nature (biology) in Nature (biology) vs Nurture (learning)?

A

Nature– born with a particular genetic predisposition (e.g capacity to memorize al- Quran / play a musical) or the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth and intellectual growth.

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2
Q

What is nurture in Nature vs Nurture?

A

the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions. eg: memorizing al –Quran / ability play music depend greatly to environment).

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2
Q

What is stages (discontinuity) in continuity vs stages?

A

behavior is qualitatively different at each stage of development (the behavior occur in a fixed sequence).

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3
Q

What is continuity in continuity vs stages?

A

continuous development with new abilities, skill and knowledge. (eg : adult thinking differ from child). Added according to age.

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4
Q

What is stability in stability (maintained) vs change?

A

personality characteristic stable from young to older age.

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5
Q

What is change in stability (maintained) vs change

A

personality characteristic during childhood not similar when grow older

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6
Q

Name 3 research methods

A
  1. Cross-sectional studies
  2. Longitudinal studies
  3. Cross-sequential design
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7
Q

studies several groups of individuals who are different ages at one time. What is the study?

A

cross-sectional studies

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8
Q

Use subjects who are all the same age and who are studied over a long period of time. What study is this called?

A

Longitudinal studies

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9
Q

research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years. What study is this?

A

cross sequential design

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10
Q

give 4 advantages of cross sectional?

A
  1. Gives information about age differences
  2. Quick
  3. Less expensive
  4. Typically larger sample
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11
Q

What is a disadvantage to cross sectional?

A

restricted generalizability

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12
Q

The average human gestational period is 38-40 weeks. Because of the different changes that occur during these 40 weeks, developmental researchers divide this time frame into three phases. What are they?

A

i) Germinal stage (from conception to 2 weeks).* The earliest stage of gestation
ii) Embryonic stage (3 to 8 weeks) Early stage of development*
iii) The fetal stage (3 month – birth) Latter stage of prenatal development

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13
Q

On a child, Low birth weight, malformations, less developed brain, greater vulnerability to disease is caused by?

A

Malnutrition

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14
Q

Is characterized by the formation of the major organs and system, including the respiratory, excretory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Consequently, this stage of prenatal development is very precarious. Genetic abnormalities usually appear at this time.

A

embryonic stage

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14
Q

First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining embryo name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization. What stage is this?

A

Germinal stage

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14
Q

Categories of teratogens include:

A

– Legal and illegal drugs( alcohol, nicotine) ( damage in prenatal development, low IQ)
– Diseases and malnutrition
– Exposure to X-rays and stress exposure

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15
Q

The organism in this stage is referred to as a fetus. Although the fetus major features are basically complete by 12 weeks, the fetus continues to grow, differentiate and develop until birth.

A

fetal stage

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16
Q

What are hazards to development?

A

Teratogens (environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development by crossing the placenta barrier)

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17
Q

On a child, Low birth weight, hyperactivity, irritability, feeding difficulties is caused by?

A

Stress exposure

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18
Q

On a child, malformations and cancer are caused by?

A

Exposure to xrays

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19
Q

On a child, inhibition of bone growth, hearing loss, low birth weight, fetal alcohol syndrome, mental retardation, attention deficits in childhood, and death are caused by?

A

legal and illegal drugs

20
blindness, deafness, heart and other malformations, brain infection, spontaneous abortion, premature birth and death are caused by?
diseases
21
As child grows, neurons grow in size and...
the number of dendrites and axons increase.
22
Senses of smell, taste, touch and hearing are
quite developed at birth.
23
Sense of vision is
poorly developed at birth.
24
Interpersonal development is concerned with
how children learn to interact with others. The pattern of differentiation will be seen as progressing from parental attachment to affiliation with larger networks of individuals.
25
(blank) refers to the emotional bond that is evident between an infant and the major caretaker usually by the end of the first year.
Attachment (strong feeling of attachment)
26
(blank) has a mother and a toddler of 12 to 18 months enter a room that contains a variety of toys. The infant is allowed to play while the mother sits in a chair. Then a strange woman enters and attempts to play with the infant; at that point the mother leaves the room but she leaves her purse behind to indicate a temporary absence. An observer records the child’s behavior each time the mother return.
Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure
27
Ainsworth found that Avoidant (Type A) – 25% ......
Showed little or no distress at the mother’s departure or return.
28
Ainsworth found that (blank) showed distress at departure, but immediately approached her when she returned. child stays close to mother, shows moderate distress when separated, and is happy when mother returns.
Securely attached (Type B) - 65%
29
Ainsworth found that (blank) Showed an ambivalent response to her return, seeking both to gain and resist physical contact upon the mother’s return.
Anxious/ambivalent (Type C) – 10%
30
A fourth patterns also has been recently observed; Disorganized attachment. What is it?
children were confused when reunited with their mothers.
31
Jean Piaget believed that children...
are driven toward knowledge because of their biological need for adaptation to the environment.
32
During adaptation, the child uses (blank) to interpret the world. Sometimes new information can be (blank) into the existing schemas, but on other occasions the existing schemas must be modified, which calls for (blank). Whereas (blank) refer to there is a balance between accommodation assimilation to suit the environment. .
1. schemas* (mental patterns or blueprints) 2. Assimilated 3. Accommodation 4. Adaptation
33
(blank) believed infants begin at a cognitively “primitive” level and progress in distinct stages.
Jean Piaget
33
(blank) are the most basic unit of intellect, which act as patterns that organize interactions with the environment.
Piaget’s schemas
33
In Cognitive Development— Piaget’s Four Stages Preoperational refers to
2 to 7 years
33
In Cognitive Development— Piaget’s Four Stages Sensorimotor refers to
birth to 2 years
34
In Cognitive Development— Piaget’s Four Stages Concrete Operational refers to
7 to 11 years
35
In Cognitive Development— Piaget’s Four Stages Formal Operational refers to
11 years and up
36
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment. What is it called?
Sensorimotor stage*
37
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world. What is it called?
Preoperational stage
38
the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes is called?
Egocentric
39
in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features. What is it called?
Centration
40
third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking. What is this stage called?
Concrete operations stage
41
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking. What is it?
Formal operations
42
(blank) developed a model of moral development based on responses to moral dilemmas.
Kohlberg
43
Moral Development— Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages Stage 1: punishment-obedience orientation Stage 2: instrumental-exchange orientation What level is this
PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
44
Moral Development— Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages Stage 3: good child orientation Stage 4: law-and-order orientation What level is this?
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
45
Moral Development— Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages Stage 5: social-contract orientation Stage 6: universal ethics orientation What level is this?
POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
46
children obey simply to avoid punishment. Their egocentrism prevents them from understanding the reasoning behind an authority figure’s actions. What stage is this?
Stage 1 (punishment obedience orientation).
47
children become more individualistic and recognizes that good things will happen to them if they follow the rules. Negotiation and exchange are used to get the best deal that they can. What stage is this?
Stage 2 (instrumental-exchange orientation)
48
children follow the golden rule to get approval. (What stage is this)?
Stage 3 (good child orientation)
49
Ones recognizes the importance of respecting law, social rules and regulations . What stage is this?
Stage 4 (law and order orientation)
50
right is determined by universal ethics principles that all religion or moral authorities might view as compelling or fair.
Stage 6 (universal ethics orientation).
51
moral reasoning reflects belief in democratically accepted laws.
Stage 5 (social contract orientation)

psychology (21 decks)

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